THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE ON HEAVY METAL CONTENT

In the natural surroundings tectonical, climatological, dynamic and physico-chemical conditions of sedimentation are the crucial factors in the process of sediment composition formation. Grain size is one of the most investigated reasons of space and temporary variability in heavy metal concentration. In general, the data on grain size measurement afford to appreciate sorption capacity of sediments and arrange them. The dependence heavy metal content on grain size of sediments has been examined in the enormous amount of research works. The main conclusion is that if grain size decreases, metal content increases.We have carried out sediment grain size measurement of two lakes (Chebachje Lake, Piketnoye Lake) located in the South of Western Siberia, Russia. To define grain size of these sediments the sorting of samples collected layer-by-layer has been conducted by nest of sieves (from 43 to 1000 µm). Accomplished examinations allow to state that layer-by-layer grain size measurement of sediments has significant importance in reconstruction of paleoecologic peculiarities and also influences organic and inorganic matter concentrating in the sediments in dynamic

ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ХІМІЧНОГО ФРЕЗЕРУВАННЯ АЛЮМІНІЮ ТА ЙОГО СПЛАВІВ: ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЛУЖНИХ АГЕНТІВ

oai:ojs.journals.kntu.net.ua:article/553Підвищення ефективності технологій хімічного фрезерування алюмінію і його сплавів при спрощення процедури їх здійснення залишається актуальною проблемою. Один з ефективних способів її рішення – розробка нових травильних складів. Мета даної роботи полягала в експериментальному визначенні оптимальних умов використання сольових добавок (NaNO3, NaClO4) в якості компонентів лужних розчинів в технологіях хімічного фрезерування, а також в розробці основ раціонального використання відходів в цих технологіях. Показано, що введення сольовий добавки до лужного розчину хімічного фрезерування збільшує швидкість видалення алюмінію. Якість обробленої поверхні поліпшується, а кількість водню, що виділяється, зменшується. Запропоновано оптимальний хімічний склад травильного розчину. Показано, що з відпрацьованих алюмінатних розчинів можна отримати основну сіль алюмінію A12(OH)5C1, яка має ефективну коагулюючу здатність. Встановлено, що гідроксихлорид алюмінію може бути використаний в якості реагента-висаджувача при декомпозиції алюмінатних лужних розчинів. Запропоновано схему процесу хімічного фрезерування. Вона забезпечує регенерацію компонентів травильного лужного розчину і сприяє раціональному використанню технологічних ресурсів.Ключові слова: хімічне фрезерування, алюміній та його сплави, лужний розчин, сольова добавка, швидкість розчинення. The problem of improving the efficiency of chemical milling technologies while simplifying the procedure for their implementation remains unresolved. One of the efficient ways to solve this problem is to develop new etching compounds. The purpose of this work was to experimentally determine the optimal conditions for the use of salt additives (NaNO3, NaClO4) as components of alkaline solutions in chemical milling technologies, as well as to develop the foundations for the rational use of waste in these technologies. It is shown that the introduction of a salt additive to an alkaline solution of chemical milling increases the rate of aluminium removal. In this case, the quality of the treated surface is improved, and the amount of evolved hydrogen decreases. The optimal chemical composition of the etching solution is proposed. It is shown that the spent aluminate solutions can be used to obtain the basic aluminium salt A12(OH)5C1, which has a high coagulating ability. It has been determined that aluminium hydroxychloride can be used as a precipitating reagent for the decomposition of alkali-aluminate solutions. The scheme of the chemical milling process has been proposed. It provides for the regeneration of the components of the etching alkaline solution and contributes to the rational use of technological resourcesKey words: chemical milling, aluminium and its alloys, alkaline solution, salt additive, dissolution speed

Effects of Amino Acid Side-Chain Length and Chemical Structure on Anionic Polyglutamic and Polyaspartic Acid Cellulose-Based Polyelectrolyte Brushes.

We used atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study polyelectrolyte brushes based on anionic α,L-glutamic acid and α,L-aspartic acid grafted on cellulose in the presence of divalent CaCl2 salt at different concentrations. The motivation is to search for ways to control properties such as sorption capacity and the structural response of the brush to multivalent salts. For this detailed understanding of the role of side-chain length, the chemical structure and their interplay are required. It was found that in the case of glutamic acid oligomers, the longer side chains facilitate attractive interactions with the cellulose surface, which forces the grafted chains to lie down on the surface. The additional methylene group in the side chain enables side-chain rotation, enhancing this effect. On the other hand, the shorter and more restricted side chains of aspartic acid oligomers prevent attractive interactions to a large degree and push the grafted chains away from the surface. The difference in side-chain length also leads to differences in other properties of the brush in divalent salt solutions. At a low grafting density, the longer side chains of glutamic acid allow the adsorbed cations to be spatially distributed inside the brush resulting in a charge inversion. With an increase in grafting density, the difference in the total charge of the aspartic and glutamine brushes disappears, but new structural features appear. The longer sides allow for ion bridging between the grafted chains and the cellulose surface without a significant change in main-chain conformation. This leads to the brush structure being less sensitive to changes in salt concentration

Трансформация структуры интеллектуального капитала и рост значимости его составляющих – человеческого капитала и интеллектуальной собственности – в современной экономике

Subject. Currently, as the global economy evolves, its innovative components should demonstrate a tendency of accelerated growth as intellectual capital, information technologies, increasing knowledge and digitization of mushrooming production processes. Nowadays, intellectual capital is one of the economic development drivers. However, the economic community is found to have no generally accepted wording of the concept, thus laying the basis for this article. Objectives. The study sums up the analysis of approaches used by the Russian and foreign economists to determining the economic substance of intellectual capital. We also identify the importance of human capital as its components and specify the definition of the concept. Methods. The article overviews and analyzes proceedings by the most renowned authors, which substantiate how the economic substance of intellectual capital should be unveiled, and suggest its definitions. Results. We specified the definition of intellectual capital concerning the current economic development. We suggest integrating a new component into intellectual capital, such as intellectual property, which includes products of intellectual activity and intangible assets. They can be owned by the entity or other legal entities and individuals, including some employees of the entity. Conclusions. The specified definition of intellectual capital will help address issues of sustainable economic development and ensure the competitiveness of the Russian entities nationwide and worldwide, since it directly contributes to intellectual capital and its components

Characteristics of markets for the creation of innovative products and their impact on the mechanisms of interaction between the subjects of the innovation infrastructure

The article presents the results of a study of the main characteristics of modern markets for the production and sale of innovative products (services, technologies). They made it possible to identify new organizational and economic mechanisms of interaction between the subjects of the innovation infrastructure. As a methodological tool, authors used the main provisions of the theories of interconnections and value chains, cooperation and competition, as well as the Henderson-Clark innovation model. Authors carried out the analysis of the main characteristics of existing and new markets for the production and sale of innovative products (services, technologies). Based on the research, authors concluded that at present there is no universal organizational and economic mechanism for the interaction of subjects of innovation infrastructure in the markets for the production and sale of innovative products (services, technologies). For the successful development of innovation activity, usage of a specific mechanism is subject to a comprehensive justification from the standpoint of each subject of the innovation infrastructure

Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Initial Crystallization Stage in an SWCNT-Polyetherimide Nanocomposite

Crystallization of all-aromatic heterocyclic polymers typically results in an improvement of their thermo-mechanical properties. Nucleation agents may be used to promote crystallization, and it is well known that the incorporation of nanoparticles, and in particular carbon-based nanofillers, may induce or accelerate crystallization through nucleation. The present study addresses the structural properties of polyetherimide-based nanocomposites and the initial stages of polyetherimide crystallization as a result of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) incorporation. We selected two amorphous thermoplastic polyetherimides ODPA-P3 and aBPDA-P3 based on 3,3′,4,4′-oxydiphthalic dianhydride (ODPA), 2,3′,3,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (aBPDA) and diamine 1,4-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenoxy]benzene (P3) and simulated the onset of crystallization in the presence of SWCNTs using atomistic molecular dynamics. For ODPA-P3, we found that the planar phthalimide and phenylene moieties show pronounced ordering near the CNT (carbon nanotube) surface, which can be regarded as the initial stage of crystallization. We will discuss two possible mechanisms for ODPA-P3 crystallization in the presence of SWCNTs: the spatial confinement caused by the CNTs and π–π interactions at the CNT-polymer matrix interface. Based on our simulation results, we propose that ODPA-P3 crystallization is most likely initiated by favorable π–π interactions between the carbon nanofiller surface and the planar ODPA-P3 phthalimide and phenylene moieties

Riistaeläinten populaatioiden dynamiikka Pohjois-Euroopassa: tiivistelmä : 7. kansainvälinen symposium. 24. – 28. Syyskuuta

We have studied Black Grouse population abundance and its dynamics in large regions of North-Europe and Urals’ taiga (Finland, Russian Karelia, Murmansk, Arhangel, Kirov and Komi regions and). The data is based on Winter Track Counts (WTC, Priklonski, 1973), where all grouse sightings are recorded. We also studied the longterm Black Grouse abundance changes in Russian and Belarus Natural Reserves (by “Chronical of Natural” Programme, including summer counts of forest grouses): Pinezhsky, Pechoro-Ilychskiy, National Park "Mechera", Nature Reserve "Kivach", "Bryansk Forest", Kostomuksha Nature Reserve Volzhsko-Kamsky National Nature Biosphere Reserve and Visimskiy State Nature Reserves. The highest and most stable abundances of Black Grouse were recorded from East Fennoscandia (Karelia – 3.6 birds per 10 km; Finland – 4.4, coefficient of variation – 12% and 27%, respectively), whereas in the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk Regions and Komi republic, e.g. the species abundance indices were 0.5, 2.5 and 1.1 birds per 10 km, respectively. The “Peak” and minimal abundance years do not concur in different regions of north-European taiga. In Komi in the period from 2001 to 2013, the number of the black grouse declined twice, in Arhangel in the period 30 years – decreased fivefold. In Tatarstan Republic (Volzhsko-Kamsky National Nature Biosphere Reserve) after 1980 abundance decreased rapidly and at last 10 tears – disappeared. In Central Siberia BG are small in numbers and rare. The data suggest Black Grouse abundance varies significantly across Northern Eurasia and among years. One may presume there are some factors acting in different directions: towards convergence and towards divergence of the trends.Peer reviewe

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe