A társadalmak környezeti sebezhetősége, ellenálló- és alkalmazkodó képessége:a korai történelmi példáktól a sérülékenység globalizációjáig (Environmental vulnerability, resilience and adaptation capacities of societies: their historical examples and globalization)

Detailed phylogenetic tree of the haplogroup Q3-L275. 47 Q3-L275 samples and 1 Q1a-M346 outgroup. Constructed with the Phylomurka software using MP criteria, from the alignment obtained with read depth > = 2, base quality > = 15 and mapping quality > = 10, call rate = 60%. (XLSX 279 kb

Relative model likelihood of the demographic models simulated in Bayesian Serial SimCoal, as indicated by Akaike weights ω.

<p>For each hypothesis tested, models are ordered from the least likely (lowest ω) to the most likely model (highest ω). NEE, North East Europe; CE, Central Europe.</p

Graphical representation and Akaike Information Criterions of the demographic models compared by coalescent simulation analyses.

<p>The timeline indicates the age of populations in generations (G). For models H0a to H0e, genetic continuity is tested between combinations of ancient populations and present-day populations of North East Europe (NEE) or Saami (saa), as indicated in the column ‘P₀’. For models H1a and H1b, genetic discontinuity between aUzPo or aBOO, and NEE is tested assuming a migration from Central Europe (CE). The percentage of migrants from the source population into the sink population (10%, 50% and 75%) is indicated in the column ‘%’. The cells containing Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values were colored according to the gradient of AIC represented below the figure: from white for the highest value of AIC (worst model fit, 199.1 for H0b) to red for the lowest value of AIC (best model fit, 81.9 for H0a).</p

Principal Component Analysis of mitochondrial haplogroup frequencies.

<p>The first two dimensions account for 41.5% of the total variance. Grey arrows represent haplogroup loading vectors, i.e., the contribution of each haplogroup. Red dots represent ancient populations described in this study: aUzPo, Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov and Popovo (7,500 uncal. yBP); aBOO, Bol'shoy Oleni Ostrov (3,500 uncal. yBP). Other ancient populations were labeled as follows: aEG, Confederated nomads of the Xiongnu (4,250-2,300 yBP); aHG, Palaeolithic/Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Central/East Europe (4,250-30,000 yBP); aKAZ, Nomads from Kazakhstan (2,100–3,400 yBP); aKUR, Siberian Kurgans (1,600–3,800 yBP); aLBK, Neolithic individuals from Germany (7,000–7,500 yBP); aLOK, Lokomotiv Kitoi Neolithic individuals (6,130–7,140 yBP); aSP, Neolithic individuals from Spain (5,000–5,500 yBP); aPWC, Scandinavian Pitted-Ware Culture foragers (4,500–5,300 yBP); aUST, Ust'Ida Neolithic population (4,000–5,800 yBP). Extant populations were abbreviated as follows: ALB, Albanians; ale, Aleuts; alt, Altaians; ARM, Armenians; aro, Arorums; AUT, Austrians; AZE, Azerbaijani; BA, Bashkirs; bas, Basques; BEL, Belarusians; BGR, Bulgarians; BIH, Bosnians; BU, Buryats; CHE, Swiss; CHU, Chukchi; CU, Chuvashes; CYP, Cypriots; CZE, Czechs; DEU, Germans; esk, Eskimos; ESP, Spanish; EST, Estonians; eve, Evenks; evn, Evens; FIN, Finns; FRA, French; GBR, British; GEO, Georgians; GRC, Greeks; HRV, Croatians; HUN, Hungarians; ing, Ingrians; IRL, Irish; IRN, Iranians; IRQ, Iraqi; ISL, Icelanders; IT-88, Sardinians; ITA, Italians; JOR, Jordanians; kab, Kabardians; ket, Kets; kham, Khamnigans; khan, Khants; KK, Khakhassians; KO, Komi; kor, Koryaks; KR, Karelians; kur, Kurds; LTU, Lithuanians; LVA, Latvians; man, Mansi; ME, Mari; MNG, Mongolians; MO, Mordvinians; NEN_A, eastern Nenets; NEN_E, western Nenets; nga, Nganasans; niv, Nivkhs; nog, Nogays; NOR, Norwegians; POL, Poles; PRT, Portuguese; PSE, Palestinans; ROU, Romanians; RUS, Russians; SA, Yakuts; saa, Saami; SAU, Saudi Arabians; SE, Ossets; sel, Selkups; sho, Shors; SVK, Slovakians; SVN, Slovenians; SWE, Swedes; SYR, Syrians; TA, Tatars; tel, Telenghits; tof, Tofalars; tub, Tubalars; TUR, Turks; tuv, Tuvinians; UD, Udmurts; UKR, Ukrainians; ulc, Ulchi; vep, Vepses; yuk, Yukaghirs.</p

Map of Eurasia showing the approximate location of ancient (uncalibrated dates) and present-day Eurasian samples.

<p>Red dots represent the archaeological sites sampled for ancient mitochondrial DNA in this study: aUZ, Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov; aPo, Popovo; aBOO, Bol'shoy Oleni Ostrov. Black circles represent ancient populations abbreviated as follows: aEG, Confederated nomads of the Xiongnu (2,200–2,300 yBP); aKAZ, Nomads from Kazakhstan (2,100–3,400 yBP); aKOS, Kostenski individual (30,000 yBP); aKUR, Siberian Kurgans (1,600–3,800 yBP); aLOK, Lokomotiv Kitoi Neolithic individuals (6,130–7,140 yBP); aPWC, Scandinavian Pitted-Ware Culture foragers (4,500–5,300 yBP); aUST, Ust'Ida Neolithic population (4,000–5,800 yBP). Smaller black dots signify the location of Palaeolithic/Mesolithic sites sampled for ancient mitochondrial DNA in aHG (4,250–15,400 yBP). Present-day populations are abbreviated as follows: alt, Altaians; BA, Bashkirs; BU, Buryats; CU, Chuvash; EST, Estonians; FIN, Finns; ket, Kets; kham, Khamnigans; khan, Khants; KK, Khakhassians; KO, Komis; KR, Karelians; LTU, Lithuanians; LVA, Latvians; man, Mansi; ME, Mari; MO, Mordvinians; MNG, Mongolians; NEN, Nenets; nga, Nganasans; NOR, Norwegians; tof, Tofalars; tuv, Tuvinians; UD, Udmurts; SA, Yakuts; saa, Saami; sel, Selkups; SWE, Swedes. The approximate location of the Volga-Ural Basin and of the different regions of Russian Siberia are also indicated.</p

Results for mitochondrial DNA typing.

a<p>Transitions are reported with upper-case letters, transversions with lower-case letters.</p>b<p>E, number of samples from which DNA was independently extracted; I, results replicated in an independent laboratory; C, number of HVR-I clones; Q, HVR-I DNA quantification performed.</p>c<p>Position 390R was not included in population genetics analyses.</p><p>Hg, haplogroup; HVR-I, hypervariable region I; np, nucleotide positions; yBP, years Before Present.</p

Percentages of haplotypes from aUzPo and aBOO matched in modern-day Eurasian population pools.

<p>Percentages of matches for the haplotypes from aBOO are represented by white bars. Percentages of matches for the haplotypes from aUzPo are independently represented by superimposed black bars.</p

Population parameters and statistics used in Bayesian Serial SimCoal coalescent simulation analyses.

<p>Population parameters and statistics used in Bayesian Serial SimCoal coalescent simulation analyses.</p

Additional file 11: Table S7. of Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration

Phylogenetic tree of the haplogroup Q3-L275 based on samples sequenced by one particular technology (Big Y). (XLSX 119 kb

Additional file 3: Table S2. of Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration

Genotypes of the individual samples. (XLSX 36 kb