Constitutionalization of Assistance in Foreign Countries

Legal Profession in Russia has taken a category of assistance from constitutional level on a large scale and in different aspects . Significant improvement in characteristics of legal phenomena is a comparative jurisprudence method, and so, there is no exception to the assistance that has been declared in the species diversity of constitutional norms. In this study, commonality of historical development stage was a basis for separation of focus group from Commonwealth countries of Independent States (CIS) constitutions. In this study, authors established a variety of recipients from state aid, individual and collective, as well as a distinctly different legal nature; and prevalence of rules reflecting assistance as a subjective truth against the  guarantee norms. This research was carried out as a RFBR project No. 19-011-00720 entitled “Development of Scientific Foundations of Legal Urbanology as a New Integrated Direction in Legal Science of Cities”

Potentials in N=4 superconformal mechanics

Proceeding from nonlinear realizations of (super)conformal symmetries, we explicitly demonstrate that adding the harmonic oscillator potential to the action of conformal mechanics does not break these symmetries but modifies the transformation properties of the (super)fields. We also analyze the possibility to introduce potentials in N=4 supersymmetric mechanics by coupling it with auxiliary fermionic superfields. The new coupling we considered does not introduce new fermionic degrees of freedom - all our additional fermions are purely auxiliary ones. The new bosonic components have a first order kinetic term and therefore they serve as spin degrees of freedom. The resulting system contains, besides the potential term in the bosonic sector, a non-trivial spin-like interaction in the fermionic sector. The superconformal mechanics we constructed in this paper is invariant under the full $D(2,1;\alpha)$ superconformal group. This invariance is not evident and is achieved within modified (super)conformal transformations of the superfields.Comment: 12 pages, PACS number: 12.60.J

SU(2) reductions in N=4 multidimensional supersymmetric mechanics

We perform an su(2) Hamiltonian reduction in the bosonic sector of the su(2)-invariant action for two free (4, 4, 0) supermultiplets. As a result, we get the five dimensional N=4 supersymmetric mechanics describing the motion of an isospin carrying particle interacting with a Yang monopole. We provide the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian descriptions of this system. Some possible generalizations of the action to the cases of systems with a more general bosonic action, a four-dimensional system which still includes eight fermionic components, and a variant of five-dimensional N=4 mechanics constructed with the help of the ordinary and twisted N=4 hypermultiplets were also considered.Comment: 11 pages, LaTeX file, no figures; 3 references added, minor correction

N=4 supersymmetric Eguchi-Hanson sigma model in d=1

We show that it is possible to construct a supersymmetric mechanics with four supercharges possessing not conformally flat target space. A general idea of constructing such models is presented. A particular case with Eguchi--Hanson target space is investigated in details: we present the standard and quotient approaches to get the Eguchi--Hanson model, demonstrate their equivalence, give a full set of nonlinear constraints, study their properties and give an explicit expression for the target space metric.Comment: LaTeX, 9 page

Comparative assessment of vehicle anti-lock braking system operation using friction brake mechanisms and e-machine in the vehicle with electric drive of traction wheels

Study of the braking process of the vehicle with an electric machine in the traction wheels drive equipped with an anti-lock braking system (ABS), where the actuators are the electric machine and friction brake mechanisms, is a relevant task. This is related to the worldwide trending increase in the share of production of vehicles with an electric machine within the transmission. In this paper, the "traditional" ABS and two systems with different variants of usage of the electric machine and friction brake mechanisms as actuators are compared: 1. The electric machine fulfills the function of the wheel slip regulator; the friction brake mechanisms maintain constant pressure in the brake line, which depends on the tyre-road friction coefficient. 2. The friction brake mechanisms fulfill the function of the wheel slip regulator; the electric machine maintains the set brake torque. According to the study results, usage of the combined actuator system within the ABS allows reducing the braking distance significantly, raising the vehicle deceleration value and improving the driver's and passengers' comfort during braking

Non-perturbative probability distribution function for cosmological counts in cells

We present a non-perturbative calculation of the 1-point probability distribution function (PDF) for the spherically-averaged matter density field. The PDF is represented as a path integral and is evaluated using the saddle-point method. It factorizes into an exponent given by a spherically symmetric saddle-point solution and a prefactor produced by fluctuations. The exponent encodes the leading sensitivity of the PDF to the dynamics of gravitational clustering and statistics of the initial conditions. In contrast, the prefactor has only a weak dependence on cosmology. It splits into a monopole contribution which is evaluated exactly, and a factor corresponding to aspherical fluctuations. The latter is crucial for the consistency of the calculation: neglecting it would make the PDF incompatible with translational invariance. We compute the aspherical prefactor using a combination of analytic and numerical techniques. We demonstrate the factorization of spurious enhanced contributions of large bulk flows and their cancellation due the equivalence principle. We also identify the sensitivity to the short-scale physics and argue that it must be properly renormalized. The uncertainty associated with the renormalization procedure gives an estimate of the theoretical error. For zero redshift, the precision varies from sub percent for moderate density contrasts to tens of percent at the tails of the distribution. It improves at higher redshifts. We compare our results with N-body simulation data and find an excellent agreement.Comment: 85 pages, 21 figures, minor correction

Hadronic structure aspects of K+→π−+l1++l2+K^+\to \pi^-+ l^{+}_1 + l^{+}_2 decays

As is known from previous studies the lepton number violating decays $K^+\to \pi^- + l^{+}_1 + l^{+}_2$ have good prospects to probe new physics beyond the Standard Model and provide valuable information on neutrino masses and mixing. We analyze these processes with an emphasis on their hadronic structure aspects applying relativistic constituent quark model. We conclude that the previously ignored contribution associated with the t-channel Majorana neutrino exchange is comparable with the s-channel one in a wide range of neutrino masses. We also estimated model independent absolute upper bounds on neutrino contribution to these decays.Comment: 15 pages, 1 figure. Version to appear in PRD, normalization factor in Eq. (25) is correcte