Utrophin Up-Regulation by an Artificial Transcription Factor in Transgenic Mice

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle degenerative disease, due to absence of dystrophin. There is currently no effective treatment for DMD. Our aim is to up-regulate the expression level of the dystrophin related gene utrophin in DMD, complementing in this way the lack of dystrophin functions. To this end we designed and engineered several synthetic zinc finger based transcription factors. In particular, we have previously shown that the artificial three zinc finger protein named Jazz, fused with the appropriate effector domain, is able to drive the transcription of a test gene from the utrophin promoter “A”. Here we report on the characterization of Vp16-Jazz-transgenic mice that specifically over-express the utrophin gene at the muscular level. A Chromatin Immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) demonstrated the effective access/binding of the Jazz protein to active chromatin in mouse muscle and Vp16-Jazz was shown to be able to up-regulate endogenous utrophin gene expression by immunohistochemistry, western blot analyses and real-time PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a transgenic mouse expressing an artificial gene coding for a zinc finger based transcription factor. The achievement of Vp16-Jazz transgenic mice validates the strategy of transcriptional targeting of endogenous genes and could represent an exclusive animal model for use in drug discovery and therapeutics

The H3K27 Demethylase JMJD3 Is Required for Maintenance of the Embryonic Respiratory Neuronal Network, Neonatal Breathing, and Survival

JMJD3 (KDM6B) antagonizes Polycomb silencing by demethylating lysine 27 on histone H3. The interplay of methyltransferases and demethylases at this residue is thought to underlie critical cell fate transitions, and the dynamics of H3K27me3 during neurogenesis posited for JMJD3 a critical role in the acquisition of neural fate. Despite evidence of its involvement in early neural commitment, however, its role in the emergence and maturation of the mammalian CNS remains unknown. Here, we inactivated Jmjd3 in the mouse and found that its loss causes perinatal lethality with the complete and selective disruption of the pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC), the pacemaker of the respiratory rhythm generator. Through genetic and electrophysiological approaches, we show that the enzymatic activity of JMJD3 is selectively required for the maintenance of the PBC and controls critical regulators of PBC activity, uncovering an unanticipated role of this enzyme in the late structuring and function of neuronal networks

Effects of Vp16-Jazz in transgenic mice.

<p>Immunohistochemistry of Tibialis Anterior (TA) muscle derived from wt (panel A) and transgenic mice tg9 (panel B) stained with anti-utrophin antibody. Nuclei are counterstained with Hoechst 33258. C: TA from wt and transgenic mice tg9 were co-stained with anti-utrophin antibody and the α-bungarotoxin-Alexa Fluor to visualize the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the neuromuscular junctions. The anti-utrophin monoclonal antibody reveals an extra-synaptic distribution of utrophin only in transgenic mice. D: Relationship between contractile response (g) and stimulation frequency (Volts) in diaphragm and EDL muscle preparations obtained from wt, tg9 and tg41 mice. E: Scatter plots of the DEG with natural log transformed expression values averaged over the 4 replicates. The x–axis reports the mean of the replicates of transgenic mice, while the y-axis is the mean across the replicates of the control wt mice. Expression values are colour coded with red representing up-regulated genes in tg9/tg41 and green down-regulated genes compared to wild-type and lines on the graph set at 2-folds differential expression.</p

Vp16-Jazz and utrophin up-regulation.

<p>A: Vp16-Jazz chromatin immunoprecipitation, performed in skeletal muscle derived from wt mice and transgenic mice (family tg9) using myc monoclonal antibody/protein G-agarose beads or protein G-agarose beads as a control (no-Ab). Immunoprecipitates from each sample were analyzed for the presence of utrophin promoter by PCR. A sample representing linear amplification of the total input chromatin (input) was included (lane 1). As control, samples from transgenic mice were also tested for the presence of dystrophin promoter sequence. B: Real-time PCR analysis of the utrophin gene expression rate in Vp16-Jazz transgenic mice (tg9 and tg41) and control wt mice. The gene expression ratio between utrophin and β-glucoronidase (GUS) and β2-microglobulin (β2M) is shown as means±S.D. from three independent experiments performed in triplicate. C: Western blot of total protein extracts derived from skeletal muscle and heart from wt mice and Vp16-Jazz transgenic mice (tg9 and tg41) incubated with monoclonal antibody against utrophin. The same membrane was incubated with anti-α-tubulin monoclonal antibody for loading normalization. D: Relative utrophin expression of wt and transgenic mice (tg9 and tg41) was determined by densitometric analysis. E: Total protein extracts from skeletal muscle of wt and transgenic mice (tg9 and tg41) were subjected to immunoblotting to detect the expression levels of the dystrophin and α-sarcoglycan proteins. The anti-α-tubulin and anti-myc antibodies were used to normalize the protein content and to test the Vp16-Jazz transgene expression respectively.</p

Vp16-Jazz and its DNA target sequence.

<p>A: Schematic representation of the Vp16-Jazz gene in the pMex-vector, used to generate transgenic mice. The 9 base pair long Vp16-Jazz DNA target sequence is indicated. B: The nucleotide sequence of the mouse utrophin promoter A. The Vp16-Jazz DNA target sequence is indicated in bold characters and underlined. The main transcription factor binding sites present in this promoter region are indicated.</p

Muscle specific expression of Vp16-Jazz in transgenic mice.

<p>A: Western Blot analysis of total proteins extracted from the skeletal muscle of wild type (wt) and transgenic mice derived from two different founders (tg9 and tg41). The expression of Vp16-Jazz transgene was monitored by the anti-myc monoclonal 9E10 antibody. Detection of α−tubulin was used to normalize the amount of proteins. B: Western Blot analysis of total proteins extracted from the skeletal muscle, heart and brain of transgenic mice from families tg9 and tg41.</p