Terminal for Malpensa International Airport, Milan, Italy

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1986.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCHIncludes bibliographical references (p. 101).The design of an airport terminal building can be viewed as a specialized case of the design of a large building. One of the major planning and design issues of typical large buildings is that of accommodating multiple uses. Airport terminals are not mixed-use in the sense that commercial and residential space share the same building, but they are from the point of view that they enclose some very specialized functions together with commercial, hotel, office, and meeting space. The trend has been to increase these functions at airports since they are highly concentrated nodes of long range transportation. The particular uses depend largely on the city which the airport serves. The airport's location and proximity to a city should also influence its architecture. The image, materials, and theme of any building are important, but especially so for a terminal which is to welcome people from distant locations. These considerations were applied to a specific case: the design of a new terminal building for Malpensa International Airport in Milan, Italy. The main effort here was to develop a major terminal facility based on a local theme. the arcade.by Constantine Seremetis.M.Arch

Ar dreno pašalinimo laikas turi įtakos pirminio spontaninio pneumotorakso pirmojo epizodo gydymo išeitims?

Background / objectives. The main treatment option for the first episode of primary spontaneous pneumothorax is chest tube drainage, however, whether delayed chest tube removal might influence the recurrence is unclear.Methods. A prospective study, which included 50 patients, with an initial episode of primary spontaneous pneumothorax was performed. Patients were randomized into two groups according to the chest tube removal time: 1-day and 5-days after the air-leak has stopped. All patients were followed-up for at least six months. Both groups were compared according to the recurrence rate and possible complications.Results. There were 39 (78%) men and the median age was 27 (23–35) years. Successful management with a chest tube was achieved in 43 (86%) patients, others were operated on because of the continuous air-leak or relapse of the pneumothorax after the chest tube was removed. Significant difference was not found comparing groups by age, gender, side, tobacco smoking, alpha-1-antitrypsin level, rate of prolonged air-leak, necessity of surgery, and the mean follow-up time. There was a significant difference between groups in hospitalization time: 1-day group – 6 (4–12), 5-days group – 8 (7–10) days, p = 0.017. Five (20%) patients from 1-day group and 3 (12%) from 5-days group had a recurrence, however the difference was not significant (p = 0.702). There were no significant differences comparing groups by the recurrence time or complications.Conclusions. The recurrence rate of primary spontaneous pneumothorax was higher if the chest tube was removed earlier, however not significantly. More data and longer follow-up are necessary to confirm these findings.Įvadas / tikslas. Pirminis spontaninis pneumotoraksas yra didelė jaunų sveikų žmonių problema. Pleuros ertmės drenavimas – pagrindinis pirminio spontaninio pneumotorakso pirmojo epizodo gydymo būdas. Vis dėlto nėra žinoma, ar dreno buvimo pleuros ertmėje trukmė gali turėti įtakos recidyvų dažniui.Metodai. Atliktas perspektyvusis tyrimas, į kurį įtraukta 50 pacientų. Tiriamiesiems diagnozuotas pirminio spontaninio pneumotorakso pirmasis epizodas. Visi pacientai gydyti drenuojant pleuros ertmę. Pacientai suskirstyti į dvi grupes, atsižvelgiant į dreno pašalinimo laiką: praėjus vienai dienai ar praėjus penkioms dienoms, kai per dreną nustojo skirtis oras. Visi pacientai atokiu laikotarpiu (mažiausiai šešis mėnesius) stebėti dėl galimo recidyvo. Atlikta abiejų grupių recidyvų dažnio ir galimų komplikacijų lyginamoji analizė.Rezultatai. Vidutinis pacientų amžius – 27 (23–35) metai. 78 proc. tiriamųjų – vyrai. Drenavus pleuros ertmę, sėkmingai išgydyti 43 ligoniai (86 %). Kiti tiriamieji dėl besiskiriančio per dreną oro ar dėl rentgenogramoje matomo pakartotinio pneumotorakso, pašalinus dreną, buvo operuoti. Abiejų tiriamųjų grupių duomenys pagal amžių, lytį, pneumotorakso pasireiškimo krūtinės ląstoje pusę, rūkymą, alfa-1 antitripsino koncentraciją kraujyje, ilgesnį oro skyrimąsi per dreną ar operacijos poreikį statistiškai reikšmingai nesiskyrė. Statistiškai reikšmingai skyrėsi abiejų grupių hospitalizacijos trukmė: tiriamieji, kuriems, nustojus per dreną skirtis orui, drenas pašalintas praėjus vienai dienai, ligoninėje gulėjo vidutiniškai 6 (4–12) dienas, o tiriamieji, kuriems drenas pašalintas praėjus penkioms dienoms, – 8 (7–10) dienas (p = 0,017). Penkiems (20 %) pirmosios grupės ir trims (12 %) antrosios grupės pacientams pneumotoraksas recidyvavo (skirtumas statistiškai nereikšmingas (p = 0,702)). Statistiškai nereikšmingas skirtumas nustatytas ir tarp abiejų grupių recidyvo laiko bei komplikacijų.Išvados. Pirminio spontaninio pneumotorakso recidyvų dažnis kiek didesnis, kai drenas ištraukiamas anksčiau, tačiau lyginamųjų grupių skirtumas statistiškai nereikšmingas. Siekiant patvirtinti gautus rezultatus, reikia atlikti didesnės apimties tyrimą, būtina ilgiau stebėti tiriamuosius

Pneumothorax as a Complication of Radiation Therapy for Primary Lung Cancer

A case of spontaneous pneumothorax complicating irradiation for bronchogenic carcinoma is presented. Pneumothorax developed in a collapsed lung caused by a central bronchogenic carcinoma. The cause is presumably secondary to either a bronchopleural fistula by tumour or sudden expansion of the lung following irradiation. Various tumours of the lung have been associated with spontaneous pneumothorax, including metastatic osteogenic sarcoma 12 , eosinophilic granuloma 4 , teratoma 11 , other metastatic sarcomas 3 , lymphoma following radiation therapy 8 , and primary bronchogenic carcinomas 1,2,3,5,6,7,9,10 . We have encountered a case of spontaneous pneumothorax complicating irradiation for bronchogenic carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the English radiologic literature, and the second, in the English literature, of a case of spontaneous pneumothorax following radiation therapy for proven bronchogenic carcinoma.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75343/1/j.1440-1673.1976.tb02589.x.pd

The Spectrum of Benign Esophageal Lesions: Imaging Findings

Benign esophageal lesions occur in various diseases. Barium studies are useful for the evaluation of mucosal surface lesions but provide little information about the extramucosal extent of disease. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, on the other hand, permit the assessment of wall thickness, mediastinal involvement, adjacent lymphadenopathy, and distant spread. In diseases such as fibrovascular polyps, duplication cysts, scleroderma, trauma, caustic esophagitis, hiatal hernia, esophageal diverticulum, achalasia, and paraesophageal varices, the findings of imaging studies are specific, obviating the need for further invasive diagnostic work-up. The advent of helical computed tomography and its volume data set allows the acquisition of multiplanar images, and magnetic resonance imaging is useful both for this and for tissue characterization. Thus, multiplanar cross-sectional imaging further extends the role of imaging modalities to the evaluation of benign esophageal lesions. Through an awareness of the multiplanar cross-sectional appearances of various benign esophageal lesions, the radiologist can play an important role in the detection, diagnosis, further diagnostic planning, and treatment of the diseases in which they occur

Fanatics, Fools, and Madmen: How Perceptions of Bias, Incompetence, and Irrationality Impact International Politics

How do people approach international conflicts or crises with foreign leaders they believe are irrational? According to Schelling’s famous argument about the ‘rationality of irrationality,’ an irrational image enhances the credibility of threats thereby making it easier to coerce or deter counterparts without resorting to actual violence, disincentivizes adversaries from making threats or using force against the apparent madman, and provides many other boons besides. Yet despite its fame this claim is theoretically underdeveloped and empirically untested. In this dissertation I provide a novel conceptual spectrum as a framework for dealing with perceived irrationality, and theorize how variation on this spectrum effects actors' preferences and choices in interstate conflicts or crises. I argue that a dichotomous conception of perceived irrationality is unhelpful and not reflective of reality, and that to gain useful insight scholars must break perceived irrationality down into its constituent dimensions. Rather than treating perceived irrationality in isolation, I treat it as one extreme on a spectrum that I call beliefs about judgment, which I simplify to two dimensions: perceived objectivity (objective/biased) and perceived competence (competent/incompetent). I argue that perceived irrationality functions precisely counter to the expectations of the ‘rationality of irrationality’ theory: leaders who are apparently irrational on the objectivity or competence dimensions of my spectrum are more likely to be subject to threats or force and to experience unfavorable outcomes in interstate negotiations. Specifically, actors who perceive an adversary leader as biased are more likely to conduct diplomacy through coercion, threats, and violence than through rational dialogue, information sharing, and argument, since they a purely informational approach to persuasion is expected to be less effective with biased leaders. Actors who perceive an adversary leader as incompetent are less likely to make concessions, more likely to ‘stand firm,’ and more likely to exit negotiations and escalate violence if their desired settlement is not achieved, since conflict with incompetent leaders is expected to be less costly. I test my theory with a mixed methods approach: I experimental and case study methodology to examine the veracity of my theory at the public and elite level, respectively