Negative energy balance in dairy cattle and its metabolic indicators [Sütçü i·neklerde negatif enerji dengesi ve metabolik i·ndikatörleri]

Energy balance, simply, is the difference between energy consumed and sum of energy used for maintenance and production. The negative difference indicates body reserves being mobilized, whereas the positive difference indicates body reserves being replenished or increased. Negative energy balance (NEB) is accepted as natural event in dairy cattle because, dry matter intake decrase during the close-up period and increases more slowly than milk yield after parturition. Other than phenotypical changes (body weight and condition score change), metabolic indicators in blood and milk (nonesterified fatty acids, ketone bodies, milk fatty acid composition, and milk fat:protein ratio, etc.) also change, which can be used for estimating severity and duration of NEB. This review emphasizes causes of NEB, metabolic indicators that may be used to estimate NEB, and important points in their interpretations

Effect of feeding starter containing butyrate salt on pre- and post-weaning performance of early or normally weaned calves

Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of the starter supplemented with butyrate salts on the performance of Holstein calves. Twenty-three and thirty-five male calves were used in the Experiment I and II, respectively. Total duration of the experiments are 70 d (35 d pre-weaning and 35 d post-weaning) and 100 d (60 d pre-weaning and 40 d post-weaning), respectively. In both of the experiments, all calves were kept together with their dam and fed colostrum for the first 3 days after calving and then housed in calf hutches. Calves were fed individually whole milk (4 l/d) with two meals and starter diets ad libutum in pre-weaning period, while total mixed ration contained starter (60%) and alfalfa hay ground (40%) were used in post-weaning period. The starter diets contained 0 (without butyrate salt, CON), 1.5 g/kg sodium butyrate (NaB15), and 3.0 g/kg sodium butyrate (NaB30) in the experiment I, 0 (without butyrate salt, CON), 2.5 g/kg calcium butyrate (CaB25) and 5.0 g/kg calcium butyrate (CaB50) in the experiment II. Live weight, live weight gain and feed intake of calves were determined weekly in each experiment. Feeding starter containing NaB increased significantly (P< 0.05) live weight, live weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency of calves during pre-weaning period, but did not postweaning period. On the other hand, feeding starter supplemented with CaB did not affect performance of calves in both periods. The present results suggest that the inclusion of NaB in starter feeds could be recommended for calves in early weaning program

Comparison of yield, nutritive value, and in vitro digestibility of monocrop and intercropped corn-soybean silages cut at two maturity stages

Limited information on nutrient composition and in vitro digestibility of corn-soybean intercropped silage is available. The objective of this study was to compare corn (Zea mays L.) or soybean (Glycine max L. Yesilsoy) monocrop silage with corn-soybean intercropped silages in term of yield, nutritive value, and in vitro digestibility. Intercropping was as follows: 1 row corn to 1 row soybean (1M1S), 1 row corn to 2 rows soybean (1M2S) and 2 rows corn to 1 row soybean (2M1S). The crops were harvested when the corn reached 3/5 or 1/4 milk line. The silage samples were analysed for pH, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF), calcium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus. Also, in vitro true (IVTD) and in vitro NDF (IVNFD) digestibilities were determined in the silages samples. The DM, EE, calculated non structural carbohydrate values were higher in silage harvested at 1/4 than 3/5 milk line. All intercropped silages had higher CP values (1M1S, 8.3%; 1M2S, 10.1%; 2M1S, 8.0%) than the monocrop corn (SM, 6.8%) silage. The NDF and ADF levels were higher for 1M1S, 2M1S and SM compared with 1M2S and monocrop soybean (SS) silage. In vitro true DM digestibility of all silages increased with maturity stage; it was higher for the 1M2S than other silages. It is concluded that corn-soybean intercropped silage has better nutrient composition and digestibility than SM or SS silage. © U. Serbester et al., 2015 Licensee PAGEPress, Italy

Effects of grain and protein sources on diet preferences, milk yield and milk composition of choice-fed German Fawn x Hair crossbred goats in mid lactation

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of grain (barley vs. corn) and protein sources (soybean meal (SBM) and Corn Gluten Meal (CGM)) on diet selection, milk yield and milk compositions of choice-fed Goats. A 2 by 2 factorial design was employed with 2 grain sources (barley or corn) and 2 protein sources (soybean meal; SBM or Corn Gluten Meal; CGM) as main effects. The groups received grain and protein sources besides wheat bran and alfalfa hay, which chopped in 1.5-2 cm length. Each group received feed stuff as free choice ad libitum in a special trough divided into 4 parts for grain and protein sources, wheat bran and alfalfa hay for a week training + an 8-weeks testing period. The results showed that type of grain (barley or corn) and protein (SBM or CGM) affected the nutrient contents of diets selected. The does offered barley as a grain source consumed higher amount of protein sources. The does offered SBM as protein source selected the diet having lower ADF, NDF and RUP contents and higher CP content than those offered CGM as a protein source. Grainxprotein source interaction also affected (p<0.05) nutrient composition of the diets selected. In barley groups, the does offered CGM selected diets with higher NDF but lower ME content than those selected by the does offered SBM, however, no such a difference according to the protein source was observed in the groups receiving corn. Live weight change, dry matter intake (DMI), DMI/milk yield ratio and ME intake were lower (p<0.05) in the groups receiving barley than those having corn. Fat corrected milk yield, fat and protein yield and ADF intake were higher (p<0.05) for the does offered CGM than those offered SBM. ADF and NDF intakes and milk NPN contents were affected (p<0.05) by grainxprotein source interaction. The does receiving SBM with barley consumed less ADF and NDF than the does receiving CGM with barley, but the does offered corn did not change their ADF and NDF intakes according to the protein sources. Milk NPN content was decreased by CGM with barley. The results suggest that lactating goats have a good nutritional wisdom that allowing them to select nutritionally balanced diet and to avoid feedstuffs causing nutritional discomfort when different grain and protein sources were supplied simultaneously and freely. © Medwell Journals, 2008

Influence of dietary fat, L-carnitine and niacin on milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows in midlactation [Influencia de la grasa dietética, L-carnitina y niacina en la producción y composición de la leche de vacas lecheras en lactación media]

[No abstract available

Canonical correlation analysis for estimation of relationship between some body measurements at the birth and 6 month periods in Holstein Friesian calves

A canonical correlation analysis was applied to examine the relationship between easily measured some body traits at early time and the traits measured hard or later time for the Holstein Friesian calves. Data were measurement records for 5 different morphologic characters (live weight, chest girth, middle rump width, body length and height at withers) which were obtained from 56 head Holstein Friesian calves at the birth period and the 6 month period in Cukurova Agricultural Research Institute. For the canonical correlation analysis, the traits measured at the birth period were one set of measurements (X-variable set) and the same traits measured at the 6 month period were the second set of measurements (Y-variable set). Five canonical correlations were obtained (0.927, 0.759, 0.289, 0.135 and 0.028). Among the estimated coefficients, only first canonical correlation coefficient between the first pair of canonical variables was significant (p<0.001). It was also determined that the highest contribution for the explanatory capacity of canonical variables for morphological traits at birth and 6 month period was maintained by the live weight and chest girth, respectively. Therefore, the live weight and chest girth measurements of the calves at birth period can be used as early selection criteria for determining the calves that have high live weights at the 6 month age at Holstein Friesian cattle husbandry. © Medwell Journals, 2008

Diet selection and eating behaviour of lactating goats subjected to time restricted feeding in choice and single feeding system

This study was carried out to investigate diet selection and eating behaviour of lactating German Fawn × Hair Crossbred goats in different feeding methods and levels. Twenty German Fawn × Hair first backcross does (B1) were allocated into 4 treatment groups (2 feeding methods single (TMR) and choice feeding × 2 feeding levels ad libitum and restricted) with 5 replicates. Restricted feeding was applied only 4 h feed allocation during day. Barley, corn, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, wheat bran and alfalfa hay were feed ingredients for single and choice feeding. Eating patterns, milk yield and composition were determined for 8 weeks. The following results were obtained: (1) the meal criteria for goats restricted single and choice-fed, ad libitum single and choice-fed were determined as 1.00 and 0.63, 12.88 and 10.23 min, respectively. (2) Ad libitum feeding increased meal size, meal length, intermeal interval, total eating duration and decreased eating rate and meal number, compared to restricted feeding (P &lt; 0.01). Choice feeding decreased meal size (P &lt; 0.05), meal length (P &lt; 0.01) and increased eating rate and meal number (P &lt; 0.01), compared to single feeding. Restricted fed goats decreased intermeal interval in single feeding compared to choice feeding (P &lt; 0.01), but increased meal number in choice feeding (P &lt; 0.01). (3) Ad libitum choice-fed does made a diet containing 12.79% corn, 35.41% barley, 13.21% wheat bran, 5.35% soybean meal, 1.28% corn gluten meal and 29.80% alfalfa meal while restricted choice-fed does made a diet having more corn (27.69%), corn gluten meal (5.62%) and wheat bran (16.17%) and less barley (14.37%) and soybean meal (4.51%). (4) Choice feeding decreased RUP intake (P &lt; 0.05) without affecting milk protein, irrespective to feeding levels, while having a tendency to increase in milk yield (14.2%) and 4% FCM (8.8%). (5) Restricted feeding decreased DM, ME, ADF and NDF intakes (P &lt; 0.05) with concomitant decreases in 4% FCM, total milk solid, ash and fat compositions (P &lt; 0.05), irrespective to feeding methods. (6) Choice-fed goats changed their preferences for a possible synchronized nutrient intake during a daytime, as sorted barley, soybean meal and alfalfa hay from early morning to late afternoon. It could be concluded that choice-fed goats have the ability to make their diet to meet nutrient requirements and had a tendency to increase in milk yield. Restriction in feeding time resulted in lower feed intake and milk yield, although the animal changed their feed preference in favour of high quality ingredients and eating pattern with lower meal criterion and intermeal interval. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.ZF2004BAP6The authors are thankful to staffs of Research and Application Farm of Cukurova University, Agricultural Faculty for their technical contribution and also to Scientific Research Fund of Cukurova University for financial support under the project number ZF2004BAP6

The effects of sprinkler plus fan, fish meal or dietary fat on milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows in mid lactation during summer

WOS: 000233535700005Two studies were conducted to evaluate 1. the effectiveness of sprinkler+fan (SF) and fish meal (FM) and 2. SF and protected fat (PF) in alleviation of hear stress in dairy cows in mid lactation. The studies were carried out in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, in a 4 x 4 Latin square design on four multiparous lactating dairy cows. The treatments in the first trial were 1. no SF and no FM, 2. no SF and 3.67% FM in the diet (on DM basis), 3. SF and no FM and 4. SF and 3.67% FM. The treatments in the second trial were 1. no SF and no PF, 2. no SF and 2.54% PF in the diet (on DM basis), 3. SF and no PF and 4. SF and 2.54% PF. Cows were fed with isoenergetic and isonitrogenic TMR, containing 2.52 Meal ME/kg DM and 180 g CP/kg DM. The cows received mild heat stress for 9 h (from 07.00 to 10.00 and from 17.00 to 23.00) and moderate heat stress for 7 h (from 10.00 to 17.00) daily for the entire experimental period. SF decreased (P<0.05) rectal and skin temperature and respiration rate. SF improved milk yield for 2.21 kg in the first trial (P<0.07, 19.24 vs 21.45 kg d(-1)) and 1.22 kg in the second one (P=0.15, 19.47 vs 20.69 kg d(-1)). FM had no effect on milk yield of neither cooled nor no cooled cows, but tended to increase (P=0.12) milk protein, independently from SF application. Additionally, PF increased FCM and fat yield (P<0.05)and tended to increase (P=0.07) milk fat content independently from SF application

Effect of replacing fish meal with dried molasses yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in the diet on performance of broiler chicks

[No abstract available

The effects of sprinkler+fan, fish meal or dietary fat on milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows in mid lactation during summer

Two studies were conducted to evaluate 1. the effectiveness of sprinkler+fan (SF) and fish meal (FM) and 2. SF and protected fat (PF) in alleviation of heat stress in dairy cows in mid lactation. The studies were carried out in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, in a 4 x 4 Latin square design on four multiparous lactating dairy cows. The treatments in the first trial were 1. no SF and no FM, 2. no SF and 3.67% FM in the diet (on DM basis), 3. SF and no FM and 4. SF and 3.67% FM. The treatments in the second trial were 1. no SF and no PF, 2. no SF and 2.54% PF in the diet (on DM basis), 3. SF and no PF and 4. SF and 2.54% PF. Cows were fed with isoenergetic and isonitrogenic TMR, containing 2.52 Mcal ME/kg DM and 180 g CP/kg DM. The cows received mild heat stress for 9 h (from 07.00 to 10.00 and from 17.00 to 23.00) and moderate heat stress for 7 h (from 10.00 to 17.00) daily for the entire experimental period. SF decreased (P&lt;0.05) rectal and skin temperature and respiration rate. SF improved milk yield for 2.21 kg in the first trial (P&lt;0.07, 19.24 vs 21.45 kg d-1) and 1.22 kg in the second one (P=0.15, 19.47 vs 20.69 kg d -1). FM had no effect on milk yield of neither cooled nor no cooled cows, but tended to increase (P=0.12) milk protein, independently from SF application. Additionally, PF increased FCM and fat yield (P&lt;0.05) and tended to increase (P=0.07) milk fat content independently from SF application. The results of both studies suggest that applying sprinklers plus fan can improve milk yield better than nutritional manipulation using either FM or PF. The results also suggested that PF could be more beneficial than FM under heat stress condition when the dietary protein level is high