Sensitivity and specificity of four screening tests sleep-disordered breathing in patients with and without cardiovascular disease

Objectives: Polysomnogram is the gold standard for the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB); a sensitive and specific alternative strategy would be ideal, due to its low availability, and screening patients at high risk of OSA is very important. This study aimed to determine the operating characteristics of screening tests in patients with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD). Material and Methods: Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Berlin, STOP-bang and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) were applied in adults with and without cardiovascular disease in three Colombian cities, as well as anthropometric measurements and a polysomnogram. Operating characteristics were calculated for each test and the best cut-off values in patients with and without CVD were obtained. Results: 964 patients (median age: 58), 662 with and 302 without CVD were included. The prevalence for SDB (AHI ≥5) were 43.4 % (OSA), 16.2% (central apnea), and 12.4 % (other). In patients without CVD, the highest sensitivity for OSA and central apnea was for PSQI (80-85%). The highest specificity was for STOP-bang (68%) and Berlin (78.6%). In CVD the best sensitivity was for PSQI (81.9%) followed by Berlin (71.9%) and the best specificity for STOP-bang (82.1%). No isolated questionnaire showed good diagnostic performance (AUC≤0.6) and the cut-off values had no variations except for ESS. Conclusion: Screening tests showed low operating characteristics for the diagnosis to SDB, but better performance in patients with CVD. They are not recommended as the only diagnostic test, but they can be useful to guide the initial diagnostic processQ2Objectives: Polysomnogram is the gold standard for the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB); a sensitive and specific alternative strategy would be ideal, due to its low availability, and screening patients at high risk of OSA is very important. This study aimed to determine the operating characteristics of screening tests in patients with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD). Material and Methods: Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Berlin, STOP-bang and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) were applied in adults with and without cardiovascular disease in three Colombian cities, as well as anthropometric measurements and a polysomnogram. Operating characteristics were calculated for each test and the best cut-off values in patients with and without CVD were obtained. Results: 964 patients (median age: 58), 662 with and 302 without CVD were included. The prevalence for SDB (AHI ≥5) were 43.4 % (OSA), 16.2% (central apnea), and 12.4 % (other). In patients without CVD, the highest sensitivity for OSA and central apnea was for PSQI (80-85%). The highest specificity was for STOP-bang (68%) and Berlin (78.6%). In CVD the best sensitivity was for PSQI (81.9%) followed by Berlin (71.9%) and the best specificity for STOP-bang (82.1%). No isolated questionnaire showed good diagnostic performance (AUC≤0.6) and the cut-off values had no variations except for ESS. Conclusion: Screening tests showed low operating characteristics for the diagnosis to SDB, but better performance in patients with CVD. They are not recommended as the only diagnostic test, but they can be useful to guide the initial diagnostic processN/

Pharmacological treatment and impairment of pulmonary function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

Introducción. La relación de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 con el deterioro de la función pulmonar no es clara, como tampoco si el tipo de tratamiento modifica los parámetros espirométricos e inflamatorios. Objetivo. Comparar la función pulmonar de pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 tratados con un agente de sensibilización a la insulina (metformina) y de los tratados con secretagogos, así como de estos combinados con insulinas, y evaluar las diferencias en los biomarcadores de inflamación de los grupos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio analítico de corte transversal en 196 pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2. Se midieron las variables espirométricas y la concentración sanguínea de biomarcadores de inflamación (ferritina, fibrinógeno, proteína C reactiva, interleucina 6 y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa). Se analizaron los valores residuales (valores observados menos valores predichos) para la capacidad vital forzada y el volumen espiratorio forzado en los diferentes tipos de tratamiento. También, se compararon las diferencias en las medianas de las concentraciones de los biomarcadores, según los tipos de tratamiento. Resultados. Después de ajustar según los factores determinantes de la función pulmonar y el control y la duración de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, los valores esperados de la capacidad vital forzada de los pacientes tratados con agentes de sensibilización a la insulina fue menor que los de aquellos tratados con secretagogos (-212,1 ml Vs. -270,2 ml; p=0,039), y lo mismo se registró en el volumen espiratorio forzado durante el primer segundo (-133,2 ml Vs. -174,8 ml; p>0,05), aunque dichas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. En el grupo de pacientes tratados con agentes de sensibilización a la insulina, las concentraciones de ferritina y del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa fueron menores (p<0,01). Conclusión. Los resultados de este estudio respaldan la hipótesis de que los agentes de sensibilización a la insulina estarían asociados con un menor deterioro de la función pulmonar y una menor inflamación sistémica en los pacientes diabéticos. Asimismo, sirve como base para la formulación de nuevas hipótesis y trabajos de investigación.Q4276-284Introduction: There is no clear relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and lung function decline; it is also unclear whether the type of treatment can modify spirometric variables and levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Objectives: To compare pulmonary function in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with an insulin-sensitizing agent (metformin) and in those treated with secretagogues, as well as combined with insulin, and to evaluate differences in inflammatory biomarkers between treatment groups. Material and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analytic study in 196 diabetic patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus. Spirometric variables and levels of inflammatory biomarkers (ferritin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), were obtained. Residual values (observed minus expected) for forced vital capacity and for forced expiratory volume were calculated and compared between treatment types. Differences in median levels of biomarkers were also compared. Results: After adjustment by known determinants of lung function, and by the control and duration of type 2 diabetes, patients treated with the insulin-sensitizing agent had statistically significant lower differences against expected values for forced vital capacity compared with secretagogues (-212.1 ml vs 270.2 ml, p=0.039), as well as for forced expiratory volume , but without statistical significance (-133.2 mL vs -174.8 mL, p>0.05). In the group of patients treated with the insulin-sensitizing agent, ferritin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were lower (p<0.01). Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that insulin-sensitizing agents appear to be associated with less deterioration of lung function and less systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes. The present study serves to formulate new hypothesis and research projects

Impact of medical schools and students on the results of the national test on the quality of higher education (SABER PRO)

Resumen Introducción Los resultados de las pruebas SABER PRO de medicina tienen un alto impacto en la comunidad académica a nivel de estudiante y de universidad, y son empleados como indicadores de fortalezas y debilidades de los procesos de formación. La amplia variabilidad de los resultados entre universidades y entre estudiantes dentro de las universidades hace necesario estudiar qué posibles variables están asociadas con el desempeño en estas pruebas. Objetivo Analizar la relación entre las variables a nivel de las universidades y las variables a nivel de estudiante de medicina con el desempeño en las pruebas SABER PRO de estudiantes de medicina. Materiales y métodos Se empleó la información de 4498 estudiantes de medicina evaluados en las pruebas SABER PRO 2009 y de las 40 facultades de medicina a las que pertenecían; mediante el uso de modelos jerárquicos de dos niveles se evaluó la asociación de las características de estudiantes y universidades con el puntaje obtenido en la prueba. Resultados El puntaje promedio por universidades de la prueba SABER PRO 2009 para estudiantes de medicina fue 100,4, con un rango entre 84,3 y 110,8 puntos. La variabilidad de los puntajes en la prueba fue explicada en un 29% por las diferencias entre universidades. Conclusiones Las universidades oficiales y las facultades de medicina que cuentan con hospitales universitarios propios tienen en promedio mejores desempeños. Sin embargo, la oferta de programas de especialización médica se asocia con menores puntajes.Q3196-204Introduction The results of the SABER PRO medical test have considerable impact on theacademic community. They are used as indicators of strengths and weaknesses of the education processes for both the student and the university. The wide variability of the results among different universities and students within the same university requires an analysis of the potential variables associated with the performance in these tests. Objective To analyze the relationship of the inter-university variables and the inter-medical students variables against the performance on the SABER PRO tests. Materials and Methods The information used was from 4498 medical students evaluated through the SABER PRO 2009 tests and of 40 schools of medicine the students belonged to. The association between the characteristics of the students and universities and the test scores obtained were evaluated using two-level hierarchical models. Results The average score in the SABER PRO test per university for medical students was 100.4, with a range between 84.3 and 110.8 points. The variability of the test scores was accounted for in 29% of the cases by the inter-university differences. Conclusions The public universities and the schools of medicine that have their own teaching hospital have better performance in average. However, the offer of medical specialization programs is associated with lower scores

Prevalence of sleep complaints in Colombia at different altitudes

AbstractStudy objectivesTo determine the prevalence of sleep complaints in adults in Colombia at different altitudes.DesignCross-sectional, population-based and observational study.SettingUrban areas in three cities (Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Santa Marta) located between 15 and 2640 masl. Subjects Over 18 years old.InterventionsEpworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Berlin questionnaire, STOP-Bang questionnaire and diagnostic criteria for restless leg syndrome (IRLSSG).Measurements and resultsThe overall prevalence of sleep complaints was 59.6% (CI 95%: 57.3; 61.8%). According to the Pittsburgh scale, 45.3% (CI 95%: 43.0; 47.5) required medical assistance. The Berlin questionnaire indicated that 19.0% (CI 95%: 17.3; 20.8%) had a high risk of sleep apnea (OSA) compared to 26.9% (CI 95%: 24.9; 29.0%) according to STOP-Bang. Among the subjects, 13.7% (CI 95%: 12.3; 15.3%) had excessive daytime sleepiness and 37.7% (CI 95%: 35.5; 39.8%) had a restless leg syndrome. When comparing cities, significant differences in the overall frequency of subjects requiring care were found between Santa Marta (higher frequency) and the other two cities. Differences in sleep problem frequency (Pittsburgh) were observed between Bogota (higher frequency) and Bucaramanga and also between Santa Marta (higher frequency) and the other two cities. The high risk of OSA (STOP-Bang) was different between Bogota (higher frequency) and Bucaramanga and also between Santa Marta (high frequency) and Bucaramanga.ConclusionsWe observed a high prevalence of sleep complaints with significant differences among the cities, indicating a need to pay a greater attention to these problems

Depression and Anxiety Disorders and Associated Factors in the Adolescent Colombian Population, 2015 National Mental Health Survey

Introducción La prevalencia de trastornos mentales entre los adolescentes es del 17% en el último año. Dichos trastornos tienden a ser crónicos y su aparición a esta edad se asocia a un peor pronóstico que las que aparecen en la edad adulta. Objetivos Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a los principales trastornos mentales depresivos y ansiosos de los adolescentes. Métodos Datos obtenidos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015 con representatividad de 5 regiones. Se realiza una encuesta estructurada computarizada con el CIDI-CAPI adolescentes, centrada en los más frecuentes trastornos depresivos y ansiosos. Se tomó una muestra de 1.754 adolescentes entre 12 y 17 años. Resultados La prevalencia de cualquier trastorno alguna vez en la vida es del 7,2%, (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%], 5,8-8,9). El trastorno más frecuente fue la fobia social, que se manifestó alguna vez en la vida en un 4,8% (IC95%, 3,7-6,2); los menos frecuentes fueron el trastorno de pánico en las mujeres (0,2%; IC95%, 0,1-1,0) y otros trastornos bipolares en los varones (0,2%; IC95%, 0,1-0,7). De los factores asociados a sufrir cualquier trastorno, se encontró: ser mujer (odds ratio [OR] = 2,1), tener poco apoyo familiar (OR = 2,0), haber presenciado al menos un evento traumático (OR = 2,6) y haber hecho un intento de suicidio (OR = 3,4). Como factor protector, se encontró la participación en por lo menos un grupo (OR = 0,5). Conclusiones Los trastornos mentales de ansiedad y depresión representan una importante carga de enfermedad para Colombia.Q476-88Introduction There was a prevalence of mental disorders of 17% in adolescents in the past year. These tended to be chronic and their appearance at this age is associated with a worse prognosis than those in adulthood. Objectives To determine the prevalence and mental factors associated with major depression and anxiety disorders. Methods Data were obtained from the IV National Mental Health Survey representing 5 regions. A structured computerised survey was conducted using the Computer Assisted Personal Interview-Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Adolescent Version (CAPI-CIDI-A), focused on the most common depression and anxiety disorders. It included a sample of 1754 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. Results The prevalence of any disorder at some point in life was 7.2% (95%CI, 5.8-8.9). The most common disorder corresponded to social phobia manifested sometime in life in 4.8% (95%CI, 3.7-6.2). Less frequent were panic disorder in girls (0.2%; 95% CI, 0.1-1.0) and other bipolar disorders in boys (0.2%; 95%CI, 0.1-0.7). Among the associated factors of suffering from any disorder were, being female (OR = 2.1), having little family support (OR = 2.0), having witnessed at least one traumatic event (OR = 2.6), and having had a previous suicide attempt (OR = 3.4). Participation in at least one group was a protective factor (OR = 0.5). Conclusions Mental disorders of anxiety and depression represent a major burden of disease for Colombia

High Incidence of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders in Children with Down Syndrome Referred to a High-Altitude Sleep Laboratory

Q3Q2Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) in children with Down Syndrome (DS) living at high altitude. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on 53 children with DS who underwent polysomnography (PSG) at San Ignacio University Hospital (2640 m/8660 ft above sea level) from 2009 to 2016. Data were extracted from official PSG reports and analyzed using measures of central tendency and dispersion, frequency calculation, ranges, and confidence intervals. Associations were examined using t-test, chi-square test, and analysis of variance test. Results: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was present in 90.5% of children. Central sleep apnea was evident in 11.3%. Periodic breathing was seen in 15.1% of patients. Snoring was able to predict OSA with a sensitivity of 61.7%, a specificity of 100%, and negative predictive value of 25%. Conclusion: Children with DS who live at high altitude have a high incidence of SRBD. Our findings show a higher incidence of SRBD than previously reported in the population with DS. Furthermore, snoring was not sensitive enough to predict OSA. This high risk of SRBD may increase the risk of other comorbid conditions seen in the population with DS. Our results support the need for routine PSG screening independent of symptoms such as snoring status.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-5448https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-5448Revista Internacional - Indexad

Efficacy and safety of basal bolus insulin regimen in a cohort of type 2 diabetes patients hospitalized in general ward assessed by continuous glucose monitoring

Q167-6

The Recognition of Emotions, Empathy and Moral Judgment in the National Mental Health Survey in Colombia, 2015

Introducción El desarrollo emocional y social de los humanos es extraordinariamente complejo. El conocimiento acerca de sí mismo, la percepción de los otros, las motivaciones y el entorno cultural modulan las respuestas empáticas y los juicios morales sobre acciones particulares. En la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental, se exploraron aspectos de la cognición social como el reconocimiento de emociones, la empatía y los juicios morales frente a situaciones que significan dolor al otro. Objetivo Describir los resultados generales de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental en relación con el reconocimiento de emociones y respuestas empáticas frente a situaciones que generan, intencionada o accidentalmente, un dolor al otro. Métodos Se encuestó a 15.351 sujetos y 3.863 adultos de edad ≥ 18-96 años de esta población: se les pidió que identificaran dos rostros de seis emociones. Ademas, con cinco secuencias de tres fotografías cada una (tarea de empatía frente al dolor modificada), se preguntó sobre elementos cognitivos, afectivos y morales de la empatía. Resultados Identificaron las emociones positivas el 91,5, el 65 y el 55% de los sujetos, y solo el 19,7, el 21,8 y el 27,4% reconocieron las emociones negativas: miedo, asco y tristeza, en ese orden. Cuando se analizan los datos por grupos de edad, condición de pobreza y diferentes regiones del país, los resultados tienden a variar. En cuanto a la empatía, el 73,7% identificó correctamente la acción intencional y el 56,6%, la accidental. Los juicios morales frente a las acciones accidentales merecen algún castigo (poco, el 20,7%; moderado, el 26,8%), aun en acciones accidentales. Conclusiones Se proponen posibles direcciones que debe seguir el análisis de los datos, dados algunos resultados llamativos: el reconocimiento de la emoción alegría en contraposición con la aparente dificultad para reconocer la tristeza y los hallazgos paradójicos en torno al castigo y la empatía cuando se comete una acción que ocasiona dolor.Q4Caso Clínico96-104Background Social cognition refers to the mental processes involved in social interactions. Different aspects, such as the perception of others, self-knowledge, motivation and the cultural context, can modulate empathy responses and moral judgments regarding the actions of others. The National Mental Health Survey (ENSM for its acronym in Spanish) explored aspects of social cognition such as the perception of emotions, empathy and moral judgment in situations in which another person experiences pain. Objective To describe the overall findings of the ENSM in relation to the emotional perception and empathic responses to situations where pain is inflicted on others in an intentional or accidental manner. Methods A total of 3863 people aged 18-96 years old completed the social cognition module. They were asked to identify the emotions expressed in the images of several faces. A modified version of the awareness of social inference test (TASIT) was used. Additionally, the cognitive, affective, and moral elements of empathy were assessed with a modified version of the empathy for pain task (EPT), which uses a sequence of images in which someone is being hurt. Results Happiness was identified by 91.5% of those interviewed; neutral or emotionless faces were identified by 65%; 55% of respondents correctly identified surprise. Only 19.7%, 21.8% and 27.4% could identify negative emotions like fear, disgust and sadness, respectively. When the data were analysed by age, poverty status, and different regions of the country, the results tend to vary. As regards empathy, 73.7% correctly identified intentional actions, and accidental actions were identified by 56.6%. According to the moral judgment of some respondents, even in situations where the pain was caused by accident, there must be some kind of punishment (20.7% deserved a low punishment and 26.8% a moderate one). Conclusions Noteworthy findings include the high recognition of happiness by the respondents, in contrast to the apparent difficulty in recognising sadness, and paradoxical results regarding punishment and empathy. This should be studied in greater detail, but these results can contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex Colombian social context

Efficacy and safety of sensor augmented insulin pump therapy withlow-glucose suspend feature in older adults : a retrospective study in Bogota, Colombia

Q2Background and aims:The literature has supported the efficacy and safety of insulin pump therapy inyoung adults diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (DM1). However, there is limited evidence in older adultswith DM1 and DM2.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients≥60 years-old with DM1 and DM2,who started Sensor Augmented Insulin Pump therapy with low-glucose suspend feature (SAPþLGS) atHospital Universitario San Ignacio diabetes center in Bogotá, Colombia. Patients were evaluated between2009 and 2019 and were treated with Paradigm VEO or Medtronic MiniMed 640 insulin pumps andcontinuous glucose monitoring system. Glycated hemoglobin (A1c), severe hypoglycemia and hypogly-cemia unawareness were assessed at least every 3 months, and hospitalizations and ketoacidosis epi-sodes incidence were assessed yearly.Results:36 patients were analyzed, (67.36±4.88 years-old) (body mass index 25.48±4.61 kg/m2). Themost common indications for starting SAPþLGS were hypoglycemia (58.3%), high glycemic variability(25.0%) and poor metabolic control (16.7%). 26 patients used VEO (72.2%) whereas 27.8% started 640insulin pump. Data from 32 participants showed A1c decreased from 8.57±1.73% to 7.42±0.96 after ayear of therapy (Mean difference 1.15%, p<0.05); 28.12% reached A1c levels<7% and 42.85%<7.5%.There was a significant decrease in the proportion of patients with at least one severe hypoglycemia (56.7vs 3.3%), one or more hospitalizations (20 vs 3.3%), and hypoglycemia unawareness after thefirst year offollow-up (p<0.05).Conclusions:These results suggest that SAPþLGS is safe and effective in people 60 years or older afterone year of therapy. Future randomized clinical trials are needed in the elderly.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7946-3379https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-148Xhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-148Xhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-5448https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5401-0018Revista Internacional - Indexad

Registro plasmaferesis Unidad Renal Hospital Universitario San Ignacio

La realización de registros médicos adecuados y bien diseñados es el primer paso para poder generar líneas de investigación, con un adecuado soporte que nos permitan la creación de futuros proyectos de investigación. El desarrollo del registro de plasmaféresis en la unidad renal del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, mostrará nuestra experiencia y dará inicio a una línea de investigación en este tema