The nature of economic development and the economic development of nature

Contemporary models of growth and development are founded on a category error: they ignore nature as a form of productive capital. Using as backdrop two recent books on the Indian economy that are representative of the prevailing orthodoxy, I review and in part extend an emerging literature that integrates development and environmental thinking. Contributors to the literature have reworked the economics of the household, communities, and other non-market institutions, reframed national accounting, reconstructed the theory of macro-economic development and public and trade policy, and revised the theory of collective action. In this paper I focus on a small part of the literature: economic evaluation. I develop the notion of sustainable development and construct a unified language for sustainability and policy analyses. I show that by economic growth we should mean growth in wealth - which is the social worth of an economy's entire set of capital assets - not growth in GDP nor the many ad hoc indicators of human development that have been proposed in recent years. The concept of wealth invites us to extend the notion of capital assets and the idea of investment well beyond conventional usage. I also show that by sustainable development we should mean development in which wealth (per head) adjusted for its distribution does not decline. This has radical implications for the way national accounts are prepared and interpreted. I then provide an account of a recent publication that has put the theory to work by studying the composition of wealth accumulation in contemporary India. Although much attention was given by the study's authors to the measurement of natural capital, due to a paucity of data the value of natural capital is acknowledged by them to be under-estimated, in all probability by a large margin. The study reveals that the entire architecture of contemporary development thinking is stacked against nature. These are still early days in the measurement of the wealth of nations, but both theory and the few empirical studies we now have at our disposal should substantially alter the way we interpret the progress and regress of nations

Mixed Azide and 5-(Pyrimidyl)tetrazole Bridged Co(II)/Mn(II) Polymers: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Ferroelectric and Magnetic Behavior

The reaction of pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile, NaN3 in the presence of Co(NO3)(2)center dot 6H(2)O or MnCl2 center dot 4H(2)O leads to the formation of complexes Co(pmtz)(mu(1,3)-N-3)(H2O)](n) (1) and Mn(pmtz)(mu(1,3)-N-3)(H2O)](n) (2) respectively, under hydrothermal condition pmtz =5-(pyrimidyl)tetrazolate]. These two complexes have been fully characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric space group Aba2 in the orthorhombic system and is found to exhibit ferroelectric behavior, whereas complex 2 crystallizes in the P2(1)/c space group in the monoclinic system. Variable temperature magnetic characterizations in the temperature range of 2-300 K indicate that complex 1 is a canted antiferromagnet (weak ferromagnet) with T-c = 15.9 K. Complex 1 represents a unique example of a multiferroic coordination polymer containing tetrazole as a co-ligand. Complex 2 is a one-dimensional chain of Mn(II) bridged by a well-known antiferromagnetic coupler end-to-end azido ligand. In contrast to the role played by the end-to-end azido pathway in most of the transition metal complexes, complex 2 showed unusual ferromagnetic behavior below 40 K because of spin canting

Three-component assembly of a metal-inorganic 3D Co(II) polymer containing bridging hydrazine

Three-component metal-inorganic assembly of a Co(II) network representing the first example of a 3D coordination polymer containing a hydrazine bridging ligand, has been synthesized and characterized

Kinetics and mechanism of the interaction of pyridine-2-thiol with <i>cis</i>-diaqua(ethylenediamine) platinum(II) perchlorate in aqueous medium

928-932The kinetics of the interaction ofpyridine-2- thiol with [Pt(en)(H2O)2]2+ have been studied spectrophotometrically as a function of [Pt(en)(H2O)2]2+,[pyridine -2-thiol] and temperature at a particular pH (4.0) where the substrate complex exists predominantly as the diaqua species and pyridine -2-thiol as the neutral molecule. The reaction proceeds via a rapid outersphere association followed by two slow consecutive steps, having first order dependence on the aqua ion and pyridine-2-thiol in the second stage. Activation parameters have been calculated using Eyring equation .The low ΔH1≠ (36.0 ± 3.0 kJ mol-1) and large negative value of ΔS1≠ (- (1.66 ± 0.08) × 102 J K-1 mol-1) as well as ΔH2≠ (26.0± 1.0 kJ mol-1) and ΔS2≠ (-(2.18±. 0.04) × 102 J K-1 mol-1) indicate associative mode of activation for both the aqua ligand substitution process in the two consecutive steps

A formate bridged Ni(II) sheet and its 3D analogue in presence of a linear organic linker: Synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties

Reaction of formamide with Ni(NO3)(2)center dot 6H(2)O under hydrothermal condition in a mixture of MeOH/H2O forms a two-dimensional formate bridged sheet Ni(HCOO)(2)(MeOH)(2) (1). X-ray structure analysis reveals the conversion of formamide to formate which acts as a bridging ligand in complex 1 where the axial sites of Ni(II) are occupied by methanol used as a solvent. An analogous reaction in presence of 4,4'-bipyridyl (4,4'-bipy) yielded a three-dimensional structure Ni(HCOO)(2)(4,4'-bpy) (2). DC magnetic measurements as a function of temperature and field established the presence of spontaneous magnetization with T-c (Curie temperature) = 17 and 20.8 K in 1 and 2, respectively, which can be attributed due to spin-canting. DFT calculations were performed to corroborate the magnetic results of 1 and 2. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Co(II) and Cr(III) complexes of formate-formamide mixed ligands: synthesis, structures, single crystal-to-single crystal transformation and magnetic behaviour

Solvothermal treatment of an equimolar mixture of Co(NO3)(2)center dot 6H(2)O, HCONH2 and NaN3 in MeOH at 100 degrees C yielded a three-dimensional NaCl type network Co(HCOO)(2)(HCONH2)(2) center dot HCONH2 (1a) containing formamides in the pores of the structure. Solvated pink 1a undergoes single crystal-to-single crystal (SCSC) transformation at 215 degrees C to form the desolvated dark brown product Co(HCOO)(2)-( HCONH2)(2) (1b) with the retention of the original framework. Reversible single crystal-to-single crystal transformation of 1b (brown) to 1a (pink) in the presence of excess formamide was also established at room temperature. The coordination environment around Co(II) in both 1a and 1b is octahedral with a CoN2O4 coordination composition. A similar reaction replacing Co(II) by Cr(III) produced a heterometallic 3D extended network Na[Cr(HCOO)(4)(HCONH2)(2)]center dot 2H(2)O (2a) at 100 degrees C. An increase in reaction temperature to 150 degrees C produced a simple mononuclear complex Cr(HCOO)(3)(HCONH2)(3) center dot 3H(2)O (2b). Variable temperature magnetic studies revealed the presence of a canting phenomena in both 1a and 1b, and hysteresis loop in the field dependent magnetisation plot at 2 K whereas complex 2a is simply paramagnetic in nature

Dual role of azide in the formation of a 3D coordination polymer containing bridging 5-pyrimidinecarboxylate

A new 3D framework $[Mn_4{(5-pmc)}_4(1,1-N_3)_4]_n$ (1) composed of a rare $Mn^{II}_4$ square as the repeating secondary building unit, representing the first coordination polymer of 5-pyrimidinecarboxylate (5-pmc) has been successfully synthesized and characterized by X-ray single crystal structure analysis

Kinetic and mechanistic studies on the interaction of thiosemicarbazide <span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">with <i>cis </i>- diaquaethylenediamine platinum (II) ion</span>

453-457Kinetics of interaction of thiosemicarbazide with [Pt(en)(H2O2)2+ has been studied spectrophotometrically as a function of [Pt(en)(H2O2)2+ , [thiosemicarbazide] and temperature at a particular pH(4.0) where the substrate complex exists predominantly as the diaqua species and the ligand thiosemicarbazide as a neutral molecule. Th<span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-bidi-font-family:HiddenHorzOCR">e interaction reaction shows distinct two step consecutive process, the first step is the ligand assisted anation and the second step is the chelation step. The activation parameters for both the steps are evaluated (ΔH1≠= 35 .69 ± 0.80 k J mol -1, ΔS1≠ = -166± 2.54 JK-1 mol -1 and ΔH2≠= 44.54 ± 1.32 k J mol -1 , ΔS2≠ = -182 ± 4. 18 JK-1 mol -1 ).</span

Synthesis, crystal structures and magnetic behavior of two 3D coordination polymers using N-(4/3-arboxyphenyl)iminodiacetic acids as bridging ligands

Research on structure and magnetic properties of polynuclear metal complexes to understand the structural and chemical factors governing the electronic exchange coupling mediated by multi-atom bridging ligands is of growing interest. Hydrothermal treatment of Ni(NO3)(2)center dot 6H(2)O with N-(4-carboxyphenyl)iminodiacetic acid N-4(H(3)CPIDA)] at 150 degrees C yielded a 3D coordination polymer of general formula Ni-3{N-4( CPIDA)}(2)(H2O)(3)]center dot 6H(2)O (1). An analogous network of general formula Co-3{N-3(CPIDA)}(2)(H2O)(3)]center dot 3H(2)O (2) was synthesized using N-(3-carboxyphenyl) iminodiacetic acid N-3(H(3)CPIDA)] in combination with Co(NO3)(2)center dot 6H(2)O under identical reaction condition. Both the complexes contain trinuclear secondary building unit, and crystallized in monoclinic system with space groups C2/c (1) and P2(1)/c (2), respectively. Variable temperature magnetic characterization of these complexes in the temperature range of 2-300 K indicated the presence of overall ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic behavior for 1 and 2, respectively. Density functional theory calculations (B3LYP functional) were performed for further insight on the trinuclear units to provide a qualitative theoretical interpretation on the overall magnetic behavior of the complexes 1 and 2. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Kinetic and mechanistic studies on the interaction of <img src='http://www.niscair.res.in/jinfo/small.gif' border=0>- glutamine with <i>cis </i>-diaqua (ethylenediamine )platinum (II) perchlorate in aqueous medium

509-513The kinetics of the interaction of -glutamine with cis-[Pt(en)(H2O)2]2+ have been studied spectrophotometrically as a function of [Pt(en)(H2O)22+], [-glutamine] and temperature at a particular pH (4.0) where the substrate complex exists predominantly as the diaqua species and L-glutamine as the zwitterion. The substitution reaction shows two consecutive processes; the first step is the ligand assisted anation and the second one is the chelation step. Activation parameters for both steps have been calculated. The low ΔH1# (43.61± 1.44 kJ mol-1) and large negative values of ΔS1# (-122.9 ± 4.5 J K-1mol-1) as well as ΔH2# (39.61 ± 0.8 kJ mol-1) and ΔS2# (-203.8 ± 2.2 J K-1 mol-1) indicate associative mode of activation for both the ligand substitution processes in the two consecutive steps. </span