Catalytic cracking of M-100 fuel oil: relationships between origin process parameters and conversion products

The development of technologies for processing oil residues is relevant and promising for Kazakhstan, since the main oil reserves of hydrocarbons in the country are in heavy oils. This paper describes the study of the influence of technological modes on the yield and hydrocarbon composition of products formed because of cracking of commercial fuel oil and fuel oil M-100 in the presence of air in the reactor. For catalysts preparation, natural Taizhuzgen zeolite and Narynkol clay were used. It was found that the introduction of air into the reaction zone, in which oxygen is the initiator of the cracking process, significantly increases the yield of the middle distillate fractions. In the presence of air, the yield of diene and cyclodiene hydrocarbons significantly increases compared to cracking in an inert atmosphere. According to the data of IR spectral analysis of M-100 grade oil fractions, in addition to normal alkanes, the final sample contains a significant amount of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. On the optimal catalyst, owing to oxidative cracking of fuel oil, the following product compositions (in %) were established: Fuel oil M-100: gas – 0.8, gasoline – 1.1, light gas oil – 85.7, heavy residue – 11.9, loss – 0.5 and total – 100.0%; commodity Fuel oil (M-100): gas – 3.3, gasoline – 8.4, light gas oil – 84.3, heavy residue – 4.0, loss – 0 and total – 100.0%

The effect of inlet temperature and spark timing on thermo-mechanical, chemical and the total exergy of an SI engine using bioethanol-gasoline blends

Exergy is a quantity of the work potential of energy from a given thermodynamic condition. Unlike energy, exergy can be destroyed, and for gasoline engines, the major source of this destruction is during the combustion process. Therefore, to assess the quality of gasoline engines, the research team examined the effect of inlet temperature and spark timing on chemical, thermo-mechanical and total exergy of fuel using E0, E20, E40, E60 and E85 fuels. Results showed that by advancing the spark timing (20° bTDC), thermo-mechanical exergy has increased but chemical exergy and total exergy have decreased. In addition, advance or delay in spark timing had no effect on the fuel chemical exergy for the compression and expansion strokes. The effect of temperature on exergy parameters indicated that by reducing inlet temperature (320 K), exergy parameters increased. In other words, the fuel chemical exergy at 320 K for E0, E20, E40, E60 and E85 fuels, increased by 7%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.2%, 7.3%, respectively, than 350 K and increased by 14%, 14.3%, 14.4%, 14.4% and 14.5% than 380 K

Synthesis, Characterization of Magnetic Composites and Testing of Their Activity in Liquid-Phase Oxidation of Phenol with Oxygen

The development and improvement of methods for the synthesis of environmentally friendly catalysts based on base metals is currently an urgent and promising task of modern catalysis. Catalysts based on nanoscale magnetite and maghemite have fast adsorption–desorption kinetics and high chemical activity. The purpose of this work is to obtain magnetic composites, determine their physicochemical characteristics and verify their activity in the process of liquid-phase oxidation of phenol with oxygen. Magnetic nanocomposites were obtained by chemical co-deposition of salts of ferrous and trivalent iron. The synthesized magnetic composites were studied by X-ray diffractometry, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and Mössbauer spectroscopy, IR-Fourier spectroscopy and elemental analysis. To increase the catalytic activity in oxidative processes, the magnetite surfaces were modified using cobalt nitrate salt. Further, CoFe2O4 was stabilized by adding polyethylenimine (PEI) as a surfactant. Preliminary studies of the oxidation of phenol with oxygen, as the most typical environmental pollutant were carried out on the obtained Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, CoFe2O4/PEI catalysts. The spectrum of the reaction product shows the presence of CH in the aromatic ring and double C=C bonds, stretching vibrations of the C=O groups of carbonyl compounds; the band at 3059 cm−1 corresponds to the presence of double C=C bonds and the band at 3424 cm−1 to hydroquinone compounds. The band at 1678 cm−1 and the intense band at 1646 cm−1 refer to vibrations of the C=O bonds of the carbonyl group of benzoquinone. Peaks at 1366 cm−1 and 1310 cm−1 can be related to the vibrations of C–H and C–C bonds of the quinone ring. Thus, it was demonstrated that produced magnetic composites based on iron oxide are quite effective in the oxidation of phenol with oxygen