Unique Conformation of Rh(i) Pillar Complexes Immobilized on Taeniolite

Rhodium pillar complex with chiral diamine ligands, Rh-Cn-(-)-CHDA, were synthesized and intercalated with various loading amounts in the range of 19 - 26% CEC, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) into Lithium Taeniolite (LiTN). These pillared catalysts (Rh-Cn-(-)-CHDA/TN) were characterized by XRD, elementary analysis, and FT-IR. Results of XRD analysis showed that the clearance space of the catalyst interlayer increased proportionally with the alkyl chain length of the ligand with the slope of 0.14 nm/CH2

Carbonization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) in Hydrothermal Processes to Produce Biochar

Empty fruit bunch (EFB) of palm oil is a waste from the palm oil industries which in a large amount, those waste is not properly utilized yet. EFB is a lignocelluloses waste as a polymer with big molecule such as cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses that can be degraded into smaller molecules in hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process. The HTC process of EFB will result three fractions such as gas, organic water soluble and biochar as solid residue or bio-char-water-slurry. EFB degradation is influenced by the operation conditions such as temperature, pressure, catalysts, reaction time, stirring and ratio liquid and solid. The HTC process involved many routes of reaction such as liquefaction, hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, condensation, aromatization, and polymerization. In this experiment 60 ml closed vessel was used as the HTC reactor to degrade of EFB. EFB concentration of 6.44% resulted 62% of conversion. Reaction time of 6 hours resulted 62 % of conversion. Increasing the reaction time and temperature increase the conversion of EFB. Liquid products of organic water soluble has cleared yellow color, after several hours the color become darkness that is further reaction still occurs in that solution. Solid products is biochar as brown coal, that can be easily separated and processed into powder, pellet or briquette form with outstanding storage and transport characteristics. For further economic development, biochar with excellent transport characteristics, the possibility of exporting this commodity to the world's energy market is possible

Effect of Ph on the Synthesis of Cu-zno Catalysts by Sol Gel Process for Glycerolhidrogenolisis

Cu-ZnO catalyst in this study made for the reaction of glycerol to propylene glycol hidrogenolysis with sol gel process fromacetate salts. pH is an important parameter in sol gel process in the synthesis of Cu-ZnO nanocatalyst. pH ajustment of the sol influencing the morphology and structure of Cu-ZnO catalyst, seen from the characterization performed by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning ElectronMicroscope (SEM). Diffraction spectra showed that the particle size of Cu-ZnO material is strongly influenced by the preparation. Cu-ZnO materials prepared at pH 7 and 8 showed a stong peak, mean the peak is broadening on Cu-ZnO prepared at pH 9. SEM-EDS of Cu and Zn ratios is different, which at pH 7 and 8, the ratio of Cu greater than Zn, while at pH 9, the ratio of Zn is higher than Cu which shows the interaction that changes the structure of the material in the presence of pH treatment. Confirmed by GC-MS analysis, at pH 7 and 8 the structure of Cu is in the core material and surrounded by Zn, and vice versa at pH 9 the structure of Zn in the nucleus and surrounded by Cu

Effect of Ph on the Synthesis of Cu-zno Catalysts by Sol Gel Process for Glycerolhidrogenolisis

Cu-ZnO catalyst in this study made for the reaction of glycerol to propylene glycol hidrogenolysis with sol gel process fromacetate salts. pH is an important parameter in sol gel process in the synthesis of Cu-ZnO nanocatalyst. pH ajustment of the sol influencing the morphology and structure of Cu-ZnO catalyst, seen from the characterization performed by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning ElectronMicroscope (SEM). Diffraction spectra showed that the particle size of Cu-ZnO material is strongly influenced by the preparation. Cu-ZnO materials prepared at pH 7 and 8 showed a stong peak, mean the peak is broadening on Cu-ZnO prepared at pH 9. SEM-EDS of Cu and Zn ratios is different, which at pH 7 and 8, the ratio of Cu greater than Zn, while at pH 9, the ratio of Zn is higher than Cu which shows the interaction that changes the structure of the material in the presence of pH treatment. Confirmed by GC-MS analysis, at pH 7 and 8 the structure of Cu is in the core material and surrounded by Zn, and vice versa at pH 9 the structure of Zn in the nucleus and surrounded by Cu

Effect of Combining Electron Beam Irradiation and Alkaline Pretreatments of OPEFB for Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Ethanol

The effect of pretreatment process from the combination of electron beam irradiation and alkaline to Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) was studied. The combination of pretreatment method was considered as an alternative way to increase glucose yield. In this study, OPEFB was pretreated using Electron Beam Irradiation (EBI) at 100 kGy and 300 kGy and followed by chemical pretreatment. In chemical pretreatment, irradiated OPEFB was reacted with sodium hydroxide 6% and 10% in stirred vessel at 4 bars and 150 oC for 30 min. The effectiveness of pretreatment was evaluated by calculating the composition of chemical component using National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Method. The samples which were hydrolyzed using enzymes with the addition of 30 FPU of Cellic®CTec2 per gram of pretreated biomass resulted high glucose in the amount of 9.86%. The fermentation process using Saccharomyces cereviceae obtained the highest ethanol concentration for 5.36% at 72h. The combination of the two pretreatment methods gave an effect on the weight loss, chemical composition, structure, and enzymatic hydrolysis produc

Synthesis Gas Production Via Aqueous Phase Reforming Over Hydrotalcite-supported Catalysts

Depletion of fossil fuel has gained attention to find an alternative of energy resources. The consumption of fossil fuel is increased gradually, raising many unfavourable challenges such as exploiting the unrenewable resources and causing environmental damages. This study aimed to produce clean energy derived from renewable resources. Glycerol as a by-product from biodiesel production from palm oil through esterification process. Conversion of glycerol to synthetis gas (syngas) which produced hydrogen as the main product is considered as a renewable-clean fuel. Glycerol has been successfully converted to syngas by Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) process over solid base catalysts. Hydrotalcite which is a layered double hydroxide used as catalyst support was impregnated with various metal promoters such as Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, and Sn. Those catalysts were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, Thermal Gravimetry Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and X-Ray Diffraction to investigate the properties and structure of the catalysts. Catalytic activity was evaluated in a continuous fixed- bed reactor to produce syngas through APR reaction. The gas products were analyzed by GC-TCD, resulting Cu/hydrotalcite catalyst produced hydrogen, 55.2% v/v