Assessing the relative poverty level in clients of microfinance institutions

Many microfinance institutions (MFIs) receive public support. In return for this support, governments and donors demand MFIs not only become financially sustainable but also reach the poor, or even the poorest of the poor. Effective evaluation of the achievement of these objectives requires appraising both the MFI's financial sustainability and the relative poverty of its clients. In recent years, several tools have emerged to assist donors in their assessment of the financial sustainability of MFIs. For example, the Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest (CGAP), which seeks to promote sustainable microfinance institutions for the poor, disseminates a number of tools that allow assessing the financial sustainability and other aspects of institutional performance of MFIs. Currently, no operational tool exists for measuring how well a MFI reaches the poor through its services. In order to gain more transparency on the depth of poverty outreach, CGAP supported research at IFPRI during 1999 and 2000 to design and test a simple, low-cost operational tool to measure the poverty level of MFI clients relative to nonclients. This policy brief summarizes the main features of the tool, how it can be applied, and what type of results can be obtained.Microfinance Evaluation. ,Poverty Research Evaluation. ,Poverty Research Methodology. ,Financial institutions. ,Sustainability. ,Microenterprises Finance. ,

First operation of the KATRIN experiment with tritium

The determination of the neutrino mass is one of the major challenges in astroparticle physics today. Direct neutrino mass experiments, based solely on the kinematics of β β -decay, provide a largely model-independent probe to the neutrino mass scale. The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment is designed to directly measure the effective electron antineutrino mass with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV 0.2 eV (90% 90% CL). In this work we report on the first operation of KATRIN with tritium which took place in 2018. During this commissioning phase of the tritium circulation system, excellent agreement of the theoretical prediction with the recorded spectra was found and stable conditions over a time period of 13 days could be established. These results are an essential prerequisite for the subsequent neutrino mass measurements with KATRIN in 2019