Нейтрализация ономастической семантики как фактор поэтики: об одном собственном имени в рок-тексте Б. Гребенщикова

Исследуется мотивированность поэтонима Аделаида в тексте песни Б. Гребенщикова. Данное имя, являющееся ключевым словом текста, мотивировано на различных текстовых уровнях. Выдвижение собственного имени, производимое на фонетическом и метрическом уровнях и сопровождаемое целенаправленной нейтрализацией его ономастической семантики, способствует превращению данного поэтонима в символ и делает его ключевым словом данного текста.На матеріалі имені Аделаіда у статті були розглянуті лінгвістичні механізми символічногоформування значення. Його символічне значення формується засобами фонетичного та метричного наголоса та нейтралізації деяких онімічних семантичних компонентів.The linguistic mechanisms of symbolic meaning's forming are being studied on the material of name Adelaide. Its symbolic meaning forms by means of phonetic and metrical emphasis and neutralization some of onym's semantic components

Infection in ecosystems: Data, Models and Effects

Infectious agents are ubiquitous in nature. They can be broadly distinguished into microparasites (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa), macroparasites (nematodes, trematodes and cestodes), ectoparasites (fleas and ticks), parasitic castrators and parasitoids. Although these types of infectious agents are very different in the way they affect their host, they all tend to live on or in their hosts for most of their life while benefiting from its nutrients. Ecologically speaking, infectious agents are part of food webs (networks of species that have trophic consumer-resource relations). They are in essence consumers of resources (their hosts), but they differ from typical consumers in having only one victim per life stage and not necessarily killing or fully consuming their victims. The interaction between infectious agents and their hosts can result in subclinical or clinical disease in infected host individuals. Subclinical, infectious agents possibly have an impact on life-history traits, behaviour, feeding or other individual-level aspects of their hosts because of increased energy use. Infected predators may have a reduced ability to hunt and catch prey, while infected prey may be easier to catch or less nutritious. Clinical, infectious agents may increase mortality in their hosts. By changing behaviour or survival of their hosts, infectious agents indirectly influence other species, including non-host species, of their ecological community. These effects could be measured through an infectious agent’s influence on energy flow, biodiversity, community interactions and the abiotic part of the ecosystem. In that way infectious agents may affect structure, functioning and stability of ecological communities. In this thesis we use data collection, data analysis, and mathematical and computational modelling to study the potential impact of different types of infectious agents in food webs and ecosystems. First, we show results of field research on macroparasites of top predators. The research provides an illustration of the diversity of parasites and their hosts in real life systems. Second, we systematically classify the effects of infectious agents on energy flow, community interactions, diversity, and at the ecosystem level, covering a broad range of infectious agents in a broad range of host species. We also classify their diversity, types and functional roles. We discuss a concept of new indirect approach of modelling infectious agents in food webs and give a simple model of a microparasite in a very basic Lotka-Volterra consumer-resource system. Third, we quantify the clinical and subclinical impacts of infectious agents on food web structure and stability, using an indirect approach by adding infectious agents not as stand-alone species, but through the effects they have on their hosts. Finally, we show an example of a new approach based on multiplex networks that could be used in future for modelling the effects of infectious agents in food webs, explicitly recognizing different types of interaction between infectious agents and its hosts that occur in complex systems. This thesis makes an attempt to shed the light on the importance of infectious agents as potentially major players in food webs. They can play a much more positive, and even essential, role, in addition to their already established negative image. A healthy ecosystem may be one that is rich with infectious agents

Infection in ecosystems: Data, Models and Effects

Infectious agents are ubiquitous in nature. They can be broadly distinguished into microparasites (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa), macroparasites (nematodes, trematodes and cestodes), ectoparasites (fleas and ticks), parasitic castrators and parasitoids. Although these types of infectious agents are very different in the way they affect their host, they all tend to live on or in their hosts for most of their life while benefiting from its nutrients. Ecologically speaking, infectious agents are part of food webs (networks of species that have trophic consumer-resource relations). They are in essence consumers of resources (their hosts), but they differ from typical consumers in having only one victim per life stage and not necessarily killing or fully consuming their victims. The interaction between infectious agents and their hosts can result in subclinical or clinical disease in infected host individuals. Subclinical, infectious agents possibly have an impact on life-history traits, behaviour, feeding or other individual-level aspects of their hosts because of increased energy use. Infected predators may have a reduced ability to hunt and catch prey, while infected prey may be easier to catch or less nutritious. Clinical, infectious agents may increase mortality in their hosts. By changing behaviour or survival of their hosts, infectious agents indirectly influence other species, including non-host species, of their ecological community. These effects could be measured through an infectious agent’s influence on energy flow, biodiversity, community interactions and the abiotic part of the ecosystem. In that way infectious agents may affect structure, functioning and stability of ecological communities. In this thesis we use data collection, data analysis, and mathematical and computational modelling to study the potential impact of different types of infectious agents in food webs and ecosystems. First, we show results of field research on macroparasites of top predators. The research provides an illustration of the diversity of parasites and their hosts in real life systems. Second, we systematically classify the effects of infectious agents on energy flow, community interactions, diversity, and at the ecosystem level, covering a broad range of infectious agents in a broad range of host species. We also classify their diversity, types and functional roles. We discuss a concept of new indirect approach of modelling infectious agents in food webs and give a simple model of a microparasite in a very basic Lotka-Volterra consumer-resource system. Third, we quantify the clinical and subclinical impacts of infectious agents on food web structure and stability, using an indirect approach by adding infectious agents not as stand-alone species, but through the effects they have on their hosts. Finally, we show an example of a new approach based on multiplex networks that could be used in future for modelling the effects of infectious agents in food webs, explicitly recognizing different types of interaction between infectious agents and its hosts that occur in complex systems. This thesis makes an attempt to shed the light on the importance of infectious agents as potentially major players in food webs. They can play a much more positive, and even essential, role, in addition to their already established negative image. A healthy ecosystem may be one that is rich with infectious agents

Antioxidant supplementation in the treatment of neurotoxicity induced by platinum-based chemotherapeutics—a review

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Cancer represents one of the most pernicious public health problems with a high mortality rate among patients worldwide. Chemotherapy is one of the major therapeutic approaches for the treatment of various malignancies. Platinum-based drugs (cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, etc.) are highly effective chemotherapeutic drugs used for the treatment of several types of malignancies, but their application and dosage are limited by their toxic effects on various systems, including neurotoxicity. Simultaneously, researchers have tried to improve the survival rate and quality of life of cancer patients and decrease the toxicity of platinum-containing drugs by combining them with non-chemotherapy-based drugs, dietary supplements and/or antioxidants. Additionally, recent studies have shown that the root cause for the many side effects of platinum chemotherapeutics involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in naive cells. Therefore, suppression of ROS generation and their inactivation with antioxidants represents an appropriate approach for platinum drug-induced toxicities. The aim of this paper is to present an updated review of the protective effects of different antioxidant agents (vitamins, dietary antioxidants and supplements, medicaments, medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds) against the neurotoxicity induced by platinum-based chemotherapeutics. This review highlights the high potential of plant antioxidants as adjuvant strategies in chemotherapy with platinum drugs

Ecological multiplex interactions determine the role of species for parasite spread amplification

Despite their potential interplay, multiple routes of many disease transmissions are often investigated separately. As a unifying framework for understanding parasite spread through interdependent transmission paths, we present the 'ecomultiplex' model, where the multiple transmission paths among a diverse community of interacting hosts are represented as a spatially explicit multiplex network. We adopt this framework for designing and testing potential control strategies for Trypanosoma cruzi spread in two empirical host communities. We show that the ecomultiplex model is an efficient and low data-demanding method to identify which species enhances parasite spread and should thus be a target for control strategies. We also find that the interplay between predator-prey and host-parasite interactions leads to a phenomenon of parasite amplification, in which top predators facilitate T. cruzi spread, offering a mechanistic interpretation of previous empirical findings. Our approach can provide novel insights in understanding and controlling parasite spreading in real-world complex systems

An Overview of the Beneficial Role of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Nanoparticle-Induced Toxicities

Nanoparticles (NPs) are used in many products and materials for humans such as electronics, in medicine for drug delivery, as biosensors, in biotechnology, and in agriculture, as ingredients in cosmetics and food supplements. Besides that, NPs may display potentially hazardous properties on human health and the environment as a consequence of their abundant use in life nowadays. Hence, there is increased interest of researchers to provide possible therapeutic agents or dietary supplements for the amelioration of NP-induced toxicity. This review summarizes the new findings in the research of the use of antioxidants as supplements for the prevention and alleviation of harmful effects caused by exposure of organisms to NPs. Also, mechanisms involved in the formation of NP-induced oxidative stress and protective mechanisms using different antioxidant substances have also been elaborated. This review also highlights the potential of naturally occurring antioxidants for the enhancement of the antioxidant defense systems in the prevention and mitigation of organism damage caused by NP-induced oxidative stress. Based on the presented results of the most recent studies, it may be concluded that the role of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of nanoparticle-induced toxicity is unimpeachable. This is particularly important in terms of oxidative stress suppression

Ecological multiplex interactions determine the role of species for parasite spread amplification

Despite their potential interplay, multiple routes of many disease transmissions are often investigated separately. As a unifying framework for understanding parasite spread through interdependent transmission paths, we present the 'ecomultiplex' model, where the multiple transmission paths among a diverse community of interacting hosts are represented as a spatially explicit multiplex network. We adopt this framework for designing and testing potential control strategies for Trypanosoma cruzi spread in two empirical host communities. We show that the ecomultiplex model is an efficient and low data-demanding method to identify which species enhances parasite spread and should thus be a target for control strategies. We also find that the interplay between predator-prey and host-parasite interactions leads to a phenomenon of parasite amplification, in which top predators facilitate T. cruzi spread, offering a mechanistic interpretation of previous empirical findings. Our approach can provide novel insights in understanding and controlling parasite spreading in real-world complex systems