An epigenetic approach to the larynx cancers from the standpoint of smad4 methylation

Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 4 -MADH4 ya da SMAD4 olarak da bilinir- bir tümör baskılayıcı gen bölgesidir. Bu türden tümör baskılayıcı gen bölgelerinin hipermetilasyonu, organizmanın kendisinin kansere karşı ortaya koyduğu mücadelede zayıflığa yol açabilir. Pek çok bölgede gelişen kanser türünde SMAD4 metilasyonu incelenegelmektedir. Bilhassa gastrointestinal kanal ve pankreas ile ilişkili kanserlerin SMAD4 hipermetilasyonu ile ile ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Çok sayıda araştırmacının SMAD4 ifadesi üzerine odaklanmasına karşın, larinks kanserlerinde metilasyon spesifik polimeraz zincir reaksiyonuna göre bant yoğunluklarının ölçümü esasına dayanan hiçbir yayın bulunamamıştır. Bu çalışma, larinks kanserlerinde SMAD4 metilasyonunun rolünü aydınlatmayı hedeflemiştir. Bu çalışmaya larinks kanseri tanısı almış otuz dört hasta dahil edilmiştir. Söz konusu araştırmayı gerçekleştirebilmek adına biyopsi materyallerinden elde edilmiş tümör dokularından ve bukkal swablar ile toplanan kontrol dokularından DNA izolasyonu yapıldı. Spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle, izole edilmiş DNA örneklerinin miktarları ve saflıkları ölçüldü. Metilasyon spesifik polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu için bisülfit modifikasyonu gerçekleştirildi. Çoğaltılan tüm DNA numuneleri yatay elektroforez uygulaması için bir agaroz jele yüklendi. Bantlar ultraviyole görüntüleme kamerası altında kayıt altına alındı ve bant yoğunlukları uygun bir bilgisayar yazılımı ile ölçüldü. Elde edilen tüm sonuçlar istatistik analiz yazılımı ile incelendi. Bu araştırma, larinks kanseri tanısı almış hastaların tümör dokularındaki SMAD4 gen bölgesindeki metilasyon düzeyinin kontrol dokularına kıyasla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde artış gösterdiğini açıkça ortaya koymaktadır (z=-2,265 ve p=0,023).Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 4 -also known as MADH4 or SMAD4- is a tumor suppressor gene region. Hypermethylation on these kinds of tumor suppressor gene regions may constitute a defect in the anticancer activity of organisms itself. Plenty of the sites has previously investigated by the standpoint of the SMAD4 methylation. Especially cancers related to the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas have found associated with SMAD4 hypermethylation. Notwithstanding numerous researchers have focused on SMAD4 expression, there is no article found on larynx cancers based on measuring band densities due to methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. This study aimed to clarify the role of the SMAD4 methylation on larynx cancers. Thirty-four patients included in this study that diagnosed as larynx cancer. To perform this research, DNA has isolated from tumor tissues by the biopsy materials and the control material by the buccal swabs. Isolated DNA samples measured for their amount and purification by spectrophotometric methods. Bisulfite modification has performed for a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. All the amplified DNA specimens have loaded into an agarose gel for horizontal gel electrophoresis. Bands have recorded under an ultraviolet imaging camera and band densities measured by suitable computer software. All the results have examined by the statistical analysis software. This study manifests that there is a significant increase in the methylation levels of the SMAD4 gene region on tumor tissues diagnosed as larynx cancer than control tissues (z=-2,265 and p=0,023)

Additional file 1 of Learning styles of medical students and related factors

Supplementary Material

Tolerability of low to moderate biomechanical stress during leisure sport activity in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Objectives To assess the impact of low to moderate biomechanical stress on entheses in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA).Methods We conducted a prospective interventional study on a cohort of psoriasis and PsA patients who underwent a 60 min badminton training session. Pain assessment by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), physical examination of 29 entheses (SPARCC, LEI, MASES) and bilateral ultrasound at the lateral humeral epicondyle, inferior patellar pole and Achilles tendon were performed before and after training. Ultrasound changes were assessed using the OMERACT scoring system. A follow-up assessment of pain and adverse events was performed at 1 week.Results Sixteen patients were included (n=7 PsA; n=9 psoriasis) and 196 entheseal ultrasound scans were acquired. At baseline, median VAS pain (IQR) was 0.5 cm (0–2.3) and the total number of tender entheses was 12/464. Mean (min; max) Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis was 6.1 (0.8; 19) and 5/7 PsA patients had an Minimal Disease Activity status. After training, no significant change in VAS pain (0.0 cm (0.0–2.0)) nor in tender entheses (13/464) emerged. Four patients (n=2 PsA, n=2 psoriasis) developed a grade-1 power Doppler-signal at six entheses, which, however, remained non-tender. At 1 week, median VAS pain remained stable (0.0 cm (0.0–3.0); p>0.05) and only one participant with active PsA at baseline reported increased arthralgias in three joints.Conclusions Low to moderate physical strain, as in the context of leisure sport activity, seems well tolerated in psoriatic patients without increases in tenderness, pain and ultrasound-proven inflammation. Evidence-based recommendations for physical activity in PsA are direly needed and larger controlled studies should be conducted to define safe exercise thresholds