CT-Scan sheep and human inner ear morphometric comparison

SummaryIntroductionStudies about the use of sheep in surgical training and experimental otologic surgery are rare. This study intends to contribute to the knowledge on this field.AimTo study sheep inner ear structures using computerized tomography and serial cross-sections to collect more accurate morphometric data to compare sheep and human ears.Material and methodsThis descriptive study compared the inner structures of sheep and human ears. Measurements were made using computerized tomography, and they were stored in a DICOM compact disc for later analysis and manipulation, with a program used for medical image analysis (Osíris 4.16).ResultsMean measures for sheep and human ears were found to be similar in this morphological study. Most structures (10 out of 15) maintained the 2/3 ratio of sheep to human ear.ConclusionThe results of this morphometric study of sheep ear are an important contribution to the development of an animal model to be used for surgical training and experimental otologic surgeries

Caracterização metalúrgica e mecânica de ferro fundido nodular por tratamento alternativo de austêmpera em banho metálico fundido Zamac

O ferro fundido nodular austemperado – ADI, é considerado um material de engenharia que possui uma notável combinação de propriedades mecânicas desejadas em inúmeras aplicações e segmentos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a possibilidade de aplicação do tratamento térmico de austêmpera, para obtenção de um Ferro Nodular Austemperado (ADI), através da utilização de uma liga de Zn-Al-Mg-Cu ( Zamac 5), como meio de resfriamento isotérmico da austêmpera. Mensurou-se a influência do tempo de austêmpera e da temperatura de austenitização nas propriedades mecânicas do ferro nodular. Para determinação da influência do tempo de austêmpera nas propriedades do ADI, blocos de ferro fundido nodular de matriz predominantemente perlítica foram austenitizados a 900°C por 90 minutos, posteriormente resfriados no banho de Zamac 5 a 380ºC, permanecendo neste processo em intervalos de tempo de 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos, e posteriormente resfriados ao ar até a temperatura ambiente. Para determinação da influência da temperatura de austenitização nas propriedades do ADI, blocos de ferro fundido nodular de matriz perlítica foram austenitizados a 820°C e 860ºC por 90 minutos, posteriormente resfriados no banho de Zamac 5 a 380ºC, no qual permaneceram neste processo por intervalo de tempo de 60 minutos, e posteriormente resfriados até a temperatura ambiente. A análise morfológica evidenciou a formação de ausferrita em todas as amostras analisadas, sem a presença de perlita, caracterizando a obtenção do ADI. Foi evidenciada a viabilidade de realização da austêmpera em temperaturas superiores a 375ºC. A melhor combinação de propriedades mecânicas com relação às classes de ADI disponíveis ocorreu através do ciclo combinado de austenitização a 860ºC e tempo de austêmpera de 60 minutos.The austempered nodular cast iron – ADI, is considered an engineering material that has a remarkable combination of mechanical properties in numerous of engineering applications. The objective of this work is to evaluate the possibility of applying austempering heat treatment to obtain an austempered nodular iron (ADI), through the use of a Zn-Al-Mg-Cu alloy (Zamac 5), as an isothermal cooling of austempering process. It was measured the influence of austenitization time and the temperature in the mechanical properties of nodular iron. At the initial validation step, a nodular cast iron alloy with perlitic matrix, was monitored and austenitized at 880°C and 900°C for evaluate the applicability of Zamac 5 as a cooling method. In order to determine the influence of the austempering time on the properties of ADI, some nodular cast iron blocks with predominantly perlitic matrix, were austenitized at 900 °C for 90 minutes, subsequently cooled in the Zamac 5 bath at 380ºC, remaining in this process at time intervals of 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes, and subsequently cooled to air in room temperature. The treatment with austempering in Zamac 5 process, proved to be efficient. To determine the influence of austenitization temperature on the properties of ADI, some nodular cast iron blocks with predominantly perlitic matrix were austenitized at 820°C and 860ºC for 90 minutes, subsequently cooled in the bath of Zamac 5 to 380ºC and kept parts in this temperature during a time interval of 60 minutes, and subsequently cooled in room temperature. The morphological analysis evidenced the formation of ausferrite, without the presence of perlite, thus characterizing the obtaining of the ADI. Was determined the feasibility of performing of austempering with Zamac 5 in temperature renge above 380 ºC The best combination of mechanical properties in relation to the available ADI classes, occurs through the combined austenitization cycle of 860 º C and 60 minutes of austempering cycle time

Austempering in Zamak bath : influence of austempering time and austenitizing temperature on ductile cast iron properties

The combination of the austempered ductile iron mechanical properties strongly depend on the parameters used on the austempering cycle. On this study, the influence of austempering time and austenitizing temperature on the properties of a ductile iron were evaluated. A metallic bath of Zamak at 380°C was used as an austempering mean. A set of ductile iron blocks were austenitized at 900°C for 90 minutes and submitted to different austempering times in order to determine the best combination of microstructural and mechanical properties. After the definition of the time of austempering, the reduction of the austenitizing temperature was evaluated. The best combination of properties was obtained with austenitizing at 860°C and austempering during 60 minutes

Determinação do teor de ésteres graxos em biodiesel metílico de soja por cromatografia gasosa utilizando oleato de etila como padrão interno

A method for ester content determination in soybean methyl biodiesel was studied, using ethyl oleate as internal standard. A biodiesel sample was analyzed and had its purity estimated as 92.8%. Method accuracy was evaluated by comparison with the result obtained via EN14103, with a relative difference of 0.1%. Repetitivity and intermediate precision were estimated as 2 and 1.5%, respectively

Sulfonamides quantification in milk by high performace liquid chromatography via azoderivatives

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma alternativa para a quantificação simultânea de sulfatiazol, sulfametazina e sulfadimetoxina no leite, na forma de azoderivados, por meio de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). O isolamento e concentração das sulfas foram conduzidos por extração em fase sólida (C18), com metanol como eluente. Após a extração, os analitos foram transformados em sais de diazônio e submetidos ao acoplamento com resorcinol. Os derivados foram separados e quantificados por CLAE (coluna C8, l = 430 nm, MeOH/KH2PO4 aq.). Foram obtidas recuperações entre 65 e 78%.The objective of this work was to evaluate an analytical method for the simultaneous measurement of sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadimethoxine in milk, in the form of azoderivatives, through the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The isolation and concentration of sulfas were carried out by solid phase extraction (C18) with methanol as eluent. After extraction, analytes were transformed in diazonium salts and coupled with resorcinol. Derivatives were quantified by HPLC (C8 column, l = 430 nm, MeOH/KH2PO4 aq). Recoveries were obtained between 65 and 78%

Caracterização metalúrgica e mecânica de ferro fundido nodular por tratamento alternativo de austêmpera em banho metálico fundido Zamac

O ferro fundido nodular austemperado – ADI, é considerado um material de engenharia que possui uma notável combinação de propriedades mecânicas desejadas em inúmeras aplicações e segmentos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a possibilidade de aplicação do tratamento térmico de austêmpera, para obtenção de um Ferro Nodular Austemperado (ADI), através da utilização de uma liga de Zn-Al-Mg-Cu ( Zamac 5), como meio de resfriamento isotérmico da austêmpera. Mensurou-se a influência do tempo de austêmpera e da temperatura de austenitização nas propriedades mecânicas do ferro nodular. Para determinação da influência do tempo de austêmpera nas propriedades do ADI, blocos de ferro fundido nodular de matriz predominantemente perlítica foram austenitizados a 900°C por 90 minutos, posteriormente resfriados no banho de Zamac 5 a 380ºC, permanecendo neste processo em intervalos de tempo de 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos, e posteriormente resfriados ao ar até a temperatura ambiente. Para determinação da influência da temperatura de austenitização nas propriedades do ADI, blocos de ferro fundido nodular de matriz perlítica foram austenitizados a 820°C e 860ºC por 90 minutos, posteriormente resfriados no banho de Zamac 5 a 380ºC, no qual permaneceram neste processo por intervalo de tempo de 60 minutos, e posteriormente resfriados até a temperatura ambiente. A análise morfológica evidenciou a formação de ausferrita em todas as amostras analisadas, sem a presença de perlita, caracterizando a obtenção do ADI. Foi evidenciada a viabilidade de realização da austêmpera em temperaturas superiores a 375ºC. A melhor combinação de propriedades mecânicas com relação às classes de ADI disponíveis ocorreu através do ciclo combinado de austenitização a 860ºC e tempo de austêmpera de 60 minutos.The austempered nodular cast iron – ADI, is considered an engineering material that has a remarkable combination of mechanical properties in numerous of engineering applications. The objective of this work is to evaluate the possibility of applying austempering heat treatment to obtain an austempered nodular iron (ADI), through the use of a Zn-Al-Mg-Cu alloy (Zamac 5), as an isothermal cooling of austempering process. It was measured the influence of austenitization time and the temperature in the mechanical properties of nodular iron. At the initial validation step, a nodular cast iron alloy with perlitic matrix, was monitored and austenitized at 880°C and 900°C for evaluate the applicability of Zamac 5 as a cooling method. In order to determine the influence of the austempering time on the properties of ADI, some nodular cast iron blocks with predominantly perlitic matrix, were austenitized at 900 °C for 90 minutes, subsequently cooled in the Zamac 5 bath at 380ºC, remaining in this process at time intervals of 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes, and subsequently cooled to air in room temperature. The treatment with austempering in Zamac 5 process, proved to be efficient. To determine the influence of austenitization temperature on the properties of ADI, some nodular cast iron blocks with predominantly perlitic matrix were austenitized at 820°C and 860ºC for 90 minutes, subsequently cooled in the bath of Zamac 5 to 380ºC and kept parts in this temperature during a time interval of 60 minutes, and subsequently cooled in room temperature. The morphological analysis evidenced the formation of ausferrite, without the presence of perlite, thus characterizing the obtaining of the ADI. Was determined the feasibility of performing of austempering with Zamac 5 in temperature renge above 380 ºC The best combination of mechanical properties in relation to the available ADI classes, occurs through the combined austenitization cycle of 860 º C and 60 minutes of austempering cycle time

A Framework for Molecular Biology Data Integration

Abstract: Molecular biology data are placed in different databases, repositories and flat files, usually distributed over the web. Distinct data models with schemas that are often changing implement these heterogeneous data sources. It is very important to gather information about these data sources, including schemas and ontology. The usual approach to handle this information integration problem is to use a single model that captures all the needed data and related methods. Instead, this work proposes the use of a domain specific framework for molecular biology data access and applications. This way we can capture multiple schemas and preexisting data sources, besides having a tool for schema evolution maintenance and database instantiation. 1