RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true

Aproveitamento pelo milho do nitrogênio amoniacal de dejetos líquidos de suínos em plantio direto e preparo reduzido do solo Corn utilization of ammoniacal nitrogen from pig slurry in no-tillage and reduced tillage

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o aproveitamento do N amoniacal de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) pela cultura do milho (Zea mays). O experimento foi conduzido em Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. Os tratamentos avaliados consistiram da aplicação ou não de DLS sobre resíduos culturais de aveia, em plantio direto e preparo reduzido do solo. Para quantificar o destino do N amoniacal aplicado, a fração amoniacal dos DLS foi enriquecida com (15NH4)2SO4 . O aproveitamento do N amoniacal dos DLS pelo milho foi de apenas 15,3% e não diferiu com o uso do DLS em plantio direto ou em preparo reduzido do solo. Na maturação fisiológica do milho, a quantidade de 15N dos DLS recuperada no solo, até a profundidade de 120 cm, e na planta (parte aérea+grãos+raízes) correspondeu a 49,6% do 15N aplicado. A fração de N orgânico dos DLS e a matéria orgânica do solo foram as principais fontes de N para a cultura do milho.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate corn (Zea mays) utilization of ammoniacal N from pig slurry (PS). A field experiment was carried out in a typic Hapludalf. The treatments consisted of the application or not of PS on oat straw, in no-tillage and reduced tillage planting systems. In order to quantify the destination of applied ammoniacal N from the PS, the ammoniacal fraction was enriched with (15NH4)2SO4 . The utilization of ammoniacal N from pig slurry by corn crop was of 15.3% and did not differ between no-tillage and reduced tillage soil systems. At corn physiological maturity, the amount of 15N recovered from the soil, at 120-cm depth, and from the plant (grain+shoot+roots) was 49.6% of the 15N applied with pig slurry. The organic N fractions from pig slurry and from soil organic matter were the main sources of N for corn

On Reducing Maximum Independent Set to Minimum Satisfiability

Abstract. Maximum Independent Set (MIS) is a well-known NP-hard graph problem, tightly related with other well known NP-hard graph problems, namely Minimum Vertex Cover (MVC) and Maximum Clique (MaxClq). This paper in-troduces a novel reduction of MIS into Minimum Satisfiability (MinSAT), thus, providing an alternative approach for solving MIS. The reduction naturally maps the vertices of a graph into clauses, without requiring the inclusion of hard clauses. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed reduction uses fewer variables and clauses than the existing alternative of mapping MIS into Maximum Satisfiability (Max-SAT). The paper develops a number of optimizations to the basic reduction, which significantly reduce the total number of variables used. The experimental evalu-ation considered the reductions described in the paper as well as existing state-of-the-art approaches. The results show that the proposed approaches based on MinSAT are competitive with existing approaches.

Estoque de carbono e nitrogênio e emissão de N2O em diferentes usos do solo na Mata Atlântica Carbon and nitrogen stocks and N2O emission under diferent land use in Atlantic Forest biome

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da substituição de pastagens por reflorestamento com eucalipto e mata secundária sobre a dinâmica da matéria orgânica e emissão de N2O, em áreas da Mata Atlântica. As áreas avaliadas localizam-se no Município de Cruzeiro, SP, e têm histórico comum de uso da terra, tendo sido inicialmente ocupadas por pastagem. Desde 1973, uma parte desta área foi reservada para regeneração natural, outra foi ocupada com plantio de eucalipto e outra permaneceu como pastagem. Para quantificar o estoque de C e nitrogênio do solo e a abundância isotópica de 13C na matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), foram coletadas amostras de solo até 1 m de profundidade, com uso de três repetições. A emissão de N2O foi avaliada com câmaras estáticas pelo período de um ano. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos estoques de C e N do solo nas áreas de mata e eucalipto, em relação à pastagem. A mata apresenta maior influência sobre a composição da MOS. Na mata de eucalipto ocorrem as maiores perdas anuais de N, pela emissão de N2O.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact on soil organic matter dynamics and N2O emission of the substitution of pasture areas by eucaliptus reforestation and secondary forest. The evaluated areas are localized in Cruzeiro municipality, São Paulo state, Brazil. The areas presented common soil usage history, and were used, at first, as pasture. Since 1973, part of the area was reserved for regeneration of the secondary forest, another part was planted with eucalyptus, and the remaining was kept as pasture. To quantify the stocks of C, N and in soil and the 13C isotopic abundance in soil organic matter (SOM), samples from these areas were collected until 1-m depth, using three replicates. The emission of N2O was evaluated with static chambers for one year. The three areas did not show significant differences on C and N stocks of the secondary forest and eucalyptus areas, in comparison to the pasture one. Secondary forest and eucalyptus has greater carbon contribution to SOM. Secondary forest and eucalyptus have highest annual losses of N, as N2O