Graph Classification using Machine Learning Algorithms

In the Graph classification problem, given is a family of graphs and a group of different categories, and we aim to classify all the graphs (of the family) into the given categories. Earlier approaches, such as graph kernels and graph embedding techniques have focused on extracting certain features by processing the entire graph. However, real world graphs are complex and noisy and these traditional approaches are computationally intensive. With the introduction of the deep learning framework, there have been numerous attempts to create more efficient classification approaches. For this project, we will be focusing on modifying an existing kernel graph convo- lutional neural network approach. Moreover, subgraphs (patches) are extracted from the graph using a community detection algorithm. These patches are provided as input to a graph kernel and max pooling is applied. We will be experimenting with different commu- nity detection algorithms and graph kernels and compare their efficiency and performance. For the experiments, we use eight publicly available real world datasets, ranging from bi- ological to social networks. Additionally, for these datasets we provide results using a baseline algorithm and a spectral decomposition of Laplacian graph for comparison pur- poses

Magnesium interrelationships in monogastric and ruminant animals

Seventy-two albino rats, 5 sheep and 51 bovine blood samples were utilized in this study to investigate the relationship of dietary magnesium, potassium and nitrogen on hypomagnesemia. The rats were allotted to 12 synthetic diets composed of 9, 18 and 36% casein; 0.0, 0.6 and 1.3 g/kg ration of magnesium; and 0.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g/kg potassium ration reduced magnesium levels in plasma and tissues. An interaction between dietary potassium and magnesium appeared to be present. Four wethers were fed magnesium chloride, oxide, sulfate and nitrate to study the possibility of an interaction of these compounds with body minerals. Administration of each salt increased the plasma magnesium level and fecal and urinary excretion, but resulted in a negative balance of potassium and calcium. Dosing with citric acid and trans-aconitic acid had no apparent effect upon hypomagnesemia. Intravenously administered 28Mg disappeared rapidly from the blood of sheep, and after two hours was followed by a slower expotential disappearance to 20 hours. Bovine blood samples were submitted by practicing Tennessee Veterinarians from cows which died of field cases of tetany. Sample analyses were compared with that from young and old cattle from the University of Tennessee Experimental Station herds during grass tetany season. Analyses indicated a lower than normal magnesium and calcium levels for Tennessee cattle

Experimantal procedures for the study of physiology of the farm animals

Experimental techniques involving surgery, hematology, and related procedures have been essential in the development of our knowledge in animal physiology. These techniques have been catalogued for basic physiology and are presented in many laboratory manuals. Techniques in applied physiology of the large domestic animals have also, in most cases, been intensively studied. However, these tech-niques, their usefulness and their limitations are reported sporadically in diverse sources. It is often difficult and time consuming for an investigator to assemble all pertinent information on a given technique in physiological research. The present work, therefore, was designed and completed to accomplish the following goals; (1) catalogue and collect information on the availability, usefulness, and limitations of experimental tech-niques useful in research and teaching concerned with large-animal physiology, (2) describe in detail techniques which have been adapted for use at this experimental station. These goals have been accomplished by literature review, by appli-cation of specific techniques, and by presentation of a selected case history

Economics of different Marine Fishing Crafts in Tamil Nadu

The marine fisheries sector of India has grown from the subsistance level to that of an industry mainly through the introduction of mechanised crafts and the subsequent developments in the craft technologies. Though the overall landings have increased, a low catch per unit effort and the increased cost of fishing have left some units to run on loss. Thus it is imperative to study the economic performance of various fishing units to help in judicial allocation of resources and to suggest suitable policy prescriptions. Hence, the economics of major fishing units was studied in Ramanathapurarn District of Tamil Nadu

Polyculture of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, with Indian major carps: a case study

A study conducted in a 450 m² earthen pond to evaluate the production potential of giant freshwater prawn (stocked at 20,000 juveniles/ha) and Indian major carps, catla and rohu (stocked at 5000 juveniles/ha in 2:1 proportion) revealed that in nine months growing period, catla and rohu attained average sizes of 357 and 746 g, respectively, while prawn weighed 48.32 g. The growth of rohu was much faster than catla as indicated by higher relative and absolute weight gains. The total fish production per hectare was estimated to be 2418 kg and prawn production stood at 780 kg with excellent survival of both the fish (>98%) and prawn (>80%)

Gamma, X-ray and neutron shielding properties of polymer concretes

We have studied the X-ray and gamma radiation shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, half value layer, tenth value layer, effective atomic numbers, electron density, exposure buildup factors, relative dose, dose rate and specific gamma ray constant in some polymer based concretes such as sulfur polymer concrete, barium polymer concrete, calcium polymer concrete, flourine polymer concrete, chlorine polymer concrete and germanium polymer concrete. The neutron shielding properties such as coherent neutron scattering length, incoherent neutron scattering lengths, coherent neutron scattering cross section, incoherent neutron scattering cross sections, total neutron scattering cross section and neutron absorption cross sections in the polymer concretes have been studied. The shielding properties among the studied different polymer concretes have been compared. From the detail study, it is clear that barium polymer concrete is good absorber for X-ray, gamma radiation and neutron. The attenuation parameters for neutron are large for chlorine polymer concrete. Hence, we suggest barium polymer concrete and chlorine polymer concrete are the best shielding materials for X-ray, gamma and neutrons

Graph Classification with Kernels, Embeddings and Convolutional Neural Networks

In the graph classification problem, given is a family of graphs and a group of different categories, and we aim to classify all the graphs (of the family) into the given categories. Earlier approaches, such as graph kernels and graph embedding techniques have focused on extracting certain features by processing the entire graph. However, real world graphs are complex and noisy and these traditional approaches are computationally intensive. With the introduction of the deep learning framework, there have been numerous attempts to create more efficient classification approaches. We modify a kernel graph convolutional neural network approach, that extracts subgraphs (patches) from the graph using various community detection algorithms. These patches are provided as input to a graph kernel and max pooling is applied. We use different community detection algorithms and a shortest path graph kernel and compare their efficiency and performance. In this paper we compare three methods: a graph kernel, an embedding technique and one that uses convolutional neural networks by using eight real world datasets, ranging from biological to social networks

Prophylactic use of antibiotic laden poly methyl methacrylate beads in the management of open fractures: a novel approach for control of orthopaedic infection

Background: Control of infection in open fractures is a challenge in orthopaedic surgery. The literature provides evidence that antibiotic-laden bead chains are a useful adjuvant with systemic antibiotics in the prevention of infection in open fractures.Methods: Between February 2018 and January 2019, sixty four patients with open type fractures admitted in emergency room were analysed for this study. In this 64 patients, 32 in Group A received antibiotic laden PMMA (Poly methyl methacrylate) beads with standard care. Another 32 in Group B received standard care.Results: There were 54 males and 10 females with a mean age of 41 and follow up 6 months. Among 64 patients 37 patients were stabilised with external fixators and remaining 17 patients underwent a definitive fixation either an intramedullary nailing (12 patients) or internal fixation with a plate (5 patients). 10 patients were stabilised with k wires. The infection rate in group A and B was 6.25% and 21.8% respectively which is statistically not significant (p=0.072).Conclusions: Although the final infection control rate was comparable between the bead group (30/32, 93.75%) and the non bead group (25/32, 78.12%), few complications were noted in the bead group (9.37%, 3/32) than in the group B (15.62%, 5/32). Hence the prophylactic use of antibiotic cement beads is advantageous in preventing post traumatic orthopaedic infection, lessens hospital stay as well the financial burden to the patients

Low-grade spondylolisthesis: is transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion superior to posterolateral fusion

Background: Spondylolisthesis is anterior translation of the cephalad vertebra relative to the adjacent caudal segment. Both posterolateral fusion (PLF) and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) and have shown high fusion rates with good clinical outcomes. But it is not clear which treatment leads to better outcomes, as limited studies have been done to compare PLF and TLIF in low grade spondylolisthesis. Our objective is to determine whether PLF or TLIF was associated with better clinical and radiological outcomes in patients with low grade spondylolisthesis.Methods: Fourty patients were enrolled and assigned into PLF (n=20) or TLIF (n=20) group. The outcome measures were: clinical outcomes as assessed with a visual analogue scale and the modified Oswestry disability index, the fusion rate based on radiographs.Results: The improvement of visual analog score (VAS) of low back pain was greater in TLIF than in PLF (89.6% versus 88.7%, p=0.79). The improvement of VAS of leg pain was greater in TLIF than in PLF (96.5% versus 94.8%; p=0.27). The improvement of Oswestry disability index (ODI) was greater in TLIF than in PLF (71.7% vs 69.8%, p=0.32). The fusion rate was 85% in TLIF and 75% in PLF (p=0.43).  Overall outcome was excellent in 80% in TLIF compared to 65% in PLF (p=0.29).Conclusions: Fusion rates are higher in TLIF and average functional outcomes (VAS and ODI) were better in TLIF compared to PLF.  Larger and longer studies may provide a significant outcome. Based on our results and literature review, we conclude that TLIF is superior to PLF