Rezidue antibiotika u kravljem mlijeku

Veterinary treatments, mainly antibiotics, used for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes in dairy cows, may be the cause of the presence of their residues in milk. This can have harmful consequences on animal and human health. To fully understand this problem, the present study aimed to evaluate the presence of antibiotic residues on 160 samples of cow’s milk in the North Central region of Algeria, using two distinct microbiological techniques (acidification test and agar diffusion test) for two strains Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis. The results showed antibiotic residue contamination in 18.12% of samples. Tetracycline and/or penicillin residues were responsible for the contamination of 90% of positive milk samples, while macrolide and/or aminoglycoside residues were only detected in 6.66% of positive samples. The confirmation by the agar diffusion test of the 31 raw milk samples including 30 positive and one suspicious sample, analysed by the acidification test, showed a contamination rate of 90.32% for beta-lactams and/or tetracyclines (28 samples) and a contamination rate of 3.22% for aminoglycosides and/or macrolides (2 samples). The suspicious sample tested negative. The results of this study showed that the control and monitoring of antibiotics and their residues by collectors and in foods of animal origin are particularly important to ensure the safety of food of animal origin, and thus to protect the consumer.Liječenje mastitisa uglavnom se temelji na uporabi antibiotika. Međutim, u novije vrijeme, postoje izvješća o povećanju fenomena otpornosti i o prisutnosti rezidua u mlijeku i mliječnim prerađevinama. Širom svijeta kao i u Alžiru nekoliko se studija usredotočilo na liječenje mastitisa pomoću homeopatije. Cilj je ove studije pojasniti primjenjivost homeopatije u liječenju mastitisa. Istraživanje je provedeno na dvije farme mlijeka na 14 krava u regiji Laghouat (jug Alžira). Prije početka istraživanja, obavljeno je ispitivanje tolerancije na dvije krave izdvojene za klanje bez ikakve očite infekcije [osim mastitisa]. U određeno vrijeme zamijećene su lokalne i opće reakcije. Ukupno 31 mamitska regija zaprimila je svakih 12 satitijekom razdoblja od 48 sati 4 intramamarne injekcije homeopatskog preparata koji sadrži nekoliko prirodnih proizvoda. Obavljen je klinički pregled i analiza uzoraka mlijeka na dan D0, D7 i D14 na svim kravama, a odluka je donesena 14. dan. Podatci su pokazali vrlo dobru toleranciju homeopatskog preparata i izlječenje 75 % kliničkih mastitisa. Zamijećeno je i poboljšanje sa smanjenjem CMT bodova. Uz to, prijavljena je i stopa ozdravljenja od 51,85 % za supklinički mastitis na dan D7 i od 59,29 % na dan D14. U konačnici, homeoterapija bi, u nekim slučajevima, mogla predstavljati alternativu antibiotskoj terapiji i osigurati prednosti za uzgajivače. U budućnosti je potrebno obaviti dodatna ispitivanja

Performances of a tunable birefringent filter for high density multi-wavelength applications

International audienceWe propose the use of an alternative technology to implement the optical filters dedicated for high density multi-wavelength applications: the Polarization Interference Filters (PIFs) and particularly the Lyot filters, which constitute a very interesting solution owing to their simplicity. To reach the optical network application requirements, in term of contrast, FWHM, and equalization function, we introduce a modified Lyot filter. The proposed device is a simple N-interferometer Lyot filter placed between two mirrors, to let the light beam pass through the structure back and forth. Two other interferometers, similar to the first Lyot filter interferometer, are added at the input of the filter, before the mirror. Each interferometer is composed by a retarder (calcite birefringent plate) held between two parallel polarizers. Each retarder is associated to a Liquid Crystal Cell (LCC), dedicated to the tuning function. The adequate contrast and FWHM of optical networks are attained by let the light beam passes through the filter several time and choosing judiciously the opto-geometrical characteristics of the retarders and the LCCs, respectively. The final simulation results of the filter, in the C-band (1530-1565nm), are 79,59dB and 0,84nm for the contrast and the FWHM, respectively. The equalization function is achieved continuously by changing the central-wavelength of the two additional interferometers, for continuous values of the LCCs birefringence. The dynamic is between 0 and 57,32dB (normalized values

Contrast and Finesse Enhancement in a Birefringent Filter

International audienceWe propose and demonstrate a novel optical implementation to simultaneously improve the contrast and increase the finesse of a classical -stage Lyot filter. The new device based on the multiple-passage concept uses two mirrors placed at the extremities of the filter. The light beam passes through the structure back and forth and each passage has a significant influence in reducing the sidelobes and the bandwidth of the filter transmittance. We show that for a two-stage Lyot filter, the contrast is increased by 100% after each passage and the finesse is improved by over 50% after four passages and more. Such a device is highly desirable in a wide field where the filtering function requires high performancesin term of contrast and finesse

Channel Equalization and Bandwidth Tuning Using a LC-Based Tunable Hybrid Birefringent Filter

International audienceWe propose and demonstrate a new modified Lyot filter to independently ensure the channel amplitude equalization and the bandwidth tuning functions. The device consists of hybrid liquid crystal interferometers. We show numerically and experimentally that for a modified four-stage Lyot filter, the two first interferometers ensure equalization function with a maximum extinction ratio, while the last interferometer allows full-width at half-maximum tuning function by using, in particular, the optical canceling approach. Such a device is highly desirable in optical telecommunications, especially where in the core network the optical filters must perform several other functions in addition to their basic amplitude filtering action

Epidemiology and outcomes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in intensive care unit patients: the EUROBACT-2 international cohort study

Purpose: In the critically ill, hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HA-BSI) are associated with significant mortality. Granular data are required for optimizing management, and developing guidelines and clinical trials. Methods: We carried out a prospective international cohort study of adult patients (≥ 18 years of age) with HA-BSI treated in intensive care units (ICUs) between June 2019 and February 2021. Results: 2600 patients from 333 ICUs in 52 countries were included. 78% HA-BSI were ICU-acquired. Median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was 8 [IQR 5; 11] at HA-BSI diagnosis. Most frequent sources of infection included pneumonia (26.7%) and intravascular catheters (26.4%). Most frequent pathogens were Gram-negative bacteria (59.0%), predominantly Klebsiella spp. (27.9%), Acinetobacter spp. (20.3%), Escherichia coli (15.8%), and Pseudomonas spp. (14.3%). Carbapenem resistance was present in 37.8%, 84.6%, 7.4%, and 33.2%, respectively. Difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR) was present in 23.5% and pan-drug resistance in 1.5%. Antimicrobial therapy was deemed adequate within 24 h for 51.5%. Antimicrobial resistance was associated with longer delays to adequate antimicrobial therapy. Source control was needed in 52.5% but not achieved in 18.2%. Mortality was 37.1%, and only 16.1% had been discharged alive from hospital by day-28. Conclusions: HA-BSI was frequently caused by Gram-negative, carbapenem-resistant and DTR pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance led to delays in adequate antimicrobial therapy. Mortality was high, and at day-28 only a minority of the patients were discharged alive from the hospital. Prevention of antimicrobial resistance and focusing on adequate antimicrobial therapy and source control are important to optimize patient management and outcomes.</p

Epidemiology and outcomes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in intensive care unit patients: the EUROBACT-2 international cohort study

Purpose In the critically ill, hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HA-BSI) are associated with significant mortality. Granular data are required for optimizing management, and developing guidelines and clinical trials. Methods We carried out a prospective international cohort study of adult patients (≥ 18 years of age) with HA-BSI treated in intensive care units (ICUs) between June 2019 and February 2021. Results 2600 patients from 333 ICUs in 52 countries were included. 78% HA-BSI were ICU-acquired. Median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was 8 [IQR 5; 11] at HA-BSI diagnosis. Most frequent sources of infection included pneumonia (26.7%) and intravascular catheters (26.4%). Most frequent pathogens were Gram-negative bacteria (59.0%), predominantly Klebsiella spp. (27.9%), Acinetobacter spp. (20.3%), Escherichia coli (15.8%), and Pseudomonas spp. (14.3%). Carbapenem resistance was present in 37.8%, 84.6%, 7.4%, and 33.2%, respectively. Difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR) was present in 23.5% and pan-drug resistance in 1.5%. Antimicrobial therapy was deemed adequate within 24 h for 51.5%. Antimicrobial resistance was associated with longer delays to adequate antimicrobial therapy. Source control was needed in 52.5% but not achieved in 18.2%. Mortality was 37.1%, and only 16.1% had been discharged alive from hospital by day-28. Conclusions HA-BSI was frequently caused by Gram-negative, carbapenem-resistant and DTR pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance led to delays in adequate antimicrobial therapy. Mortality was high, and at day-28 only a minority of the patients were discharged alive from the hospital. Prevention of antimicrobial resistance and focusing on adequate antimicrobial therapy and source control are important to optimize patient management and outcomes