New Fuzzy Extra Dimensions from SU(N)SU({\cal N}) Gauge Theories

We start with an $SU(\cal {N})$ Yang-Mills theory on a manifold ${\cal M}$, suitably coupled to two distinct set of scalar fields in the adjoint representation of $SU({\cal N})$, which are forming a doublet and a triplet, respectively under a global $SU(2)$ symmetry. We show that a direct sum of fuzzy spheres $S_F^{2 \, Int} := S_F^2(\ell) \oplus S_F^2 (\ell) \oplus S_F^2 \left ( \ell + \frac{1}{2} \right ) \oplus S_F^2 \left ( \ell - \frac{1}{2} \right )$ emerges as the vacuum solution after the spontaneous breaking of the gauge symmetry and lay the way for us to interpret the spontaneously broken model as a $U(n)$ gauge theory over ${\cal M} \times S_F^{2 \, Int}$. Focusing on a $U(2)$ gauge theory we present complete parameterizations of the $SU(2)$-equivariant, scalar, spinor and vector fields characterizing the effective low energy features of this model. Next, we direct our attention to the monopole bundles $S_F^{2 \, \pm} := S_F^2 (\ell) \oplus S_F^2 \left ( \ell \pm \frac{1}{2} \right )$ over $S_F^2 (\ell)$ with winding numbers $\pm 1$, which naturally come forth through certain projections of $S_F^{2 \, Int}$, and discuss the low energy behaviour of the $U(2)$ gauge theory over ${\cal M} \times S_F^{2 \, \pm}$. We study models with $k$-component multiplet of the global $SU(2)$, give their vacuum solutions and obtain a class of winding number $\pm (k-1)$ monopole bundles $S_F^{2 \,, \pm (k-1)}$ as certain projections of these vacuum solutions. We make the observation that $S_F^{2 \, Int}$ is indeed the bosonic part of the $N=2$ fuzzy supersphere with $OSP(2,2)$ supersymmetry and construct the generators of the $osp(2,2)$ Lie superalgebra in two of its irreducible representations using the matrix content of the vacuum solution $S_F^{2 \, Int}$. Finally, we show that our vacuum solutions are stable by demonstrating that they form mixed states with non-zero von Neumann entropy.Comment: 27+1 pages, revised version, added references and corrected typo

A U(3)U(3) Gauge Theory on Fuzzy Extra Dimensions

In this article, we explore the low energy structure of a $U(3)$ gauge theory over spaces with fuzzy sphere(s) as extra dimensions. In particular, we determine the equivariant parametrization of the gauge fields, which transform either invariantly or as vectors under the combined action of $SU(2)$ rotations of the fuzzy spheres and those $U(3)$ gauge transformations generated by $SU(2) \subset U(3)$ carrying the spin $1$ irreducible representation of $SU(2)$. The cases of a single fuzzy sphere $S_F^2$ and a particular direct sum of concentric fuzzy spheres, $S_F^{2 \, Int}$, covering the monopole bundle sectors with windings $\pm 1$ are treated in full and the low energy degrees of freedom for the gauge fields are obtained. Employing the parametrizations of the fields in the former case, we determine a low energy action by tracing over the fuzzy sphere and show that the emerging model is abelian Higgs type with $U(1) \times U(1)$ gauge symmetry and possess vortex solutions on ${\mathbb R}^2$, which we discuss in some detail. Generalization of our formulation to the equivariant parametrization of gauge fields in $U(n)$ theories is also briefly addressed.Comment: 27+1 page

How to decompose arbitrary continuous-variable quantum operations

We present a general, systematic, and efficient method for decomposing any given exponential operator of bosonic mode operators, describing an arbitrary multi-mode Hamiltonian evolution, into a set of universal unitary gates. Although our approach is mainly oriented towards continuous-variable quantum computation, it may be used more generally whenever quantum states are to be transformed deterministically, e.g. in quantum control, discrete-variable quantum computation, or Hamiltonian simulation. We illustrate our scheme by presenting decompositions for various nonlinear Hamiltonians including quartic Kerr interactions. Finally, we conclude with two potential experiments utilizing offline-prepared optical cubic states and homodyne detections, in which quantum information is processed optically or in an atomic memory using quadratic light-atom interactions.Comment: Ver. 3: published version with supplementary materia

Home advantage in Turkish professional soccer

Home advantage is known to play an important role in the outcome of professional soccer games, and to vary considerably worldwide. In the Turkish Super League over the last 12 years, 61.5% of the total points gained have been won by the home team, a figure similar to the worldwide average and to the Premier League in England. It is lower (57.7%) for games played between teams from Istanbul and especially high for games involving teams from cities in the more remote and ethically distinct parts of Turkey (Van and Diyarbakir). Match performance data show that although home teams in Turkey take 26% more shots at goal than away teams, the success rates for shots do not differ. For fouls and disciplinary cards, home and away teams do not differ significantly in Turkey, a finding that that differs from games in England, perhaps due to less referee bias.Home advantage,professional soccer

The comparison in terms of trust of modern and traditional supply chains in fresh fruit and vegetable

During the 1990s transition period in developed countries, the retail sector was privatized and some domestic-capital supermarket chains gradually emerged. Supermarkets have restructured their procurement strategies through the introduction of private standards, centralized procurement systems and distribution centers. Recent studies have shown a meteoric rise of supermarkets in Latin America in the past two decade (Reardon and Berdegue, 2002; Reardon et al; 2003), with profound effects on agrifood systems via important changes in organization and institutions, including centralization of procurement from farmers, decline of traditional wholesale systems, and demanding private standards on product quality and safety. Despite the increase in agri-food commodities emanating from the expansion of the retail sector, there have been little or no opportunities for smallholder farmers. Agri-food markets are restructuring as supermarkets continue to expand. The restructuring process is likely to exclude farmers from food markets in two ways; firstly through displacement of traditional markets by formal food chains; and secondly, the restructuring process will exclude farmers through the introduction of private standards. There has been literature in the retail system, and agri-food industry transformation and how pre-transition conditions in the retail sector conditions in the retail sector conditioned the development path of the sector after the transition (Dries, Reardon, Swinnen, 2006) Research question is how have been small farmers effected by supermarkets which have been a part in supply chain of food sector. The aim of this paper is to determine the typologies of the different supply chain in the agri-food industry (restructuring of the sectors and procurement system modernization by companies in the restructured sectors) and its impacts on farmers. this paper has three sub-goals mentioned below: ? to examine the strategies of the different supply chain in the fresh fruit and vegetable. The organizational changes in the fresh fruit and vegetables procurement systems of supermarket and the wholesale in the Ýstanbul ? to comprehend the geography of the relational network from farm to consumer, and the network between supermarket and other actors in supply chain for fresh vegetable and fruit. ? to determine its impacts on farmers: The characteristics of restructuring procurement systems and its effects on small farmers will be revealed. The necessary conditions will be described for including of small farmers to restructuring food supply chain

Interacting Quantum Topologies and the Quantum Hall Effect

The algebra of observables of planar electrons subject to a constant background magnetic field B is given by A_theta(R^2) x A_theta(R^2) the product of two mutually commuting Moyal algebras. It describes the free Hamiltonian and the guiding centre coordinates. We argue that A_theta(R^2) itself furnishes a representation space for the actions of these two Moyal algebras, and suggest physical arguments for this choice of the representation space. We give the proper setup to couple the matter fields based on A_theta(R^2) to electromagnetic fields which are described by the abelian commutative gauge group G_c(U(1)), i.e. gauge fields based on A_0(R^2). This enables us to give a manifestly gauge covariant formulation of integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE). Thus, we can view IQHE as an elementary example of interacting quantum topologies, where matter and gauge fields based on algebras A_theta^prime with different theta^prime appear. Two-particle wave functions in this approach are based on A_theta(R^2) x A_theta(R^2). We find that the full symmetry group in IQHE, which is the semi-direct product SO(2) \ltimes G_c(U(1)) acts on this tensor product using the twisted coproduct Delta_theta. Consequently, as we show, many particle sectors of each Landau level have twisted statistics. As an example, we find the twisted two particle Laughlin wave functions.Comment: 10 pages, LaTeX, Corrected typos, Published versio

CAPACITY BUILDING POTENTIAL OF THE CALL CENTER SECTOR IN TURKEY

The firms prefer the lean production in the competitive environment, discard the stages and processes that do not create value by aiming at diversity in commodity and service provision. Accordingly, the relationships between the suppliers and customers become prominent and the firms that abandon the big firm emerge as new actors in the market. Information and communication technology brings about flexibility and creates new opportunities in location choice. Thus, the enterprises have become complicated, distant from the center and network based. As the central tasks within a firm stay in the developed regions, the peripheral tasks are moved to underdeveloped regions. As a result of the core-periphery distinction in service sector, call center sector has become prominent. When the issue is considered in terms of regional development, the call centers, which are now out of the firm, are located in the underdeveloped regions. While the literature about call center sector discussion considers call centers as an opportunity for the economic development of the underdeveloped regions, making use of the labor force of the periphery at the call centers seems to be the greatest constrains. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the call centers are long term investments for underdeveloped regions, in terms of its contribution to the development of the local labor force capacity. The goal is to compare the opinions of the labor force about the jobs at the call center related to the characteristics of the labor force. In this respect, the methodology consists of a survey study with the employees of two call center firms. The employees answered 20 questions about their willingness to continue their job at the call center and capacity development by utilizing 5 Likert scale. The results will be obtained by means of ANOVA test that is conducted in order to determine whether there is a difference in the answers provided according to the level of education, type of the firm, term of employment and gender