Technological change and the demand for currency: An analysis with household data

Advances in transaction technology allow agents to economize on the cost of cash management. We argue that accounting for the impact of new transaction technologies on currency holding behaviour is important to obtain theoretically consistent estimates of the demand for money. We modify a standard inventory model to study the effect of withdrawal technology on the demand for currency. An empirical specification for households’ demand schedule is suggested, in which both the level of currency holdings and the interest rate elasticity of demand depend on the withdrawal technology available to agents (e.g. ATM card ownership or a high/low density of bank branches, ATMs). The theoretical implications are tested using a unique panel of Italian household data (on currency holdings, deposit interest rates, consumption, development of banking services, etc.) for the period 1989-2004.money demand, inventory models, technological change

The Demand for Currency at Low Interest Rates

currency, search theory, inflation

The Wall-Jet Region of a Turbulent Jet Impinging on Smooth and Rough Plates

The study reports direct numerical simulations of a turbulent jet impinging onto smooth and rough surfaces at Reynolds number Re = 10,000 (based on the jet mean bulk velocity and diameter). Surface roughness is included in the simulations using an immersed boundary method. The deflection of the flow after jet impingement generates a radial wall-jet that develops parallel to the mean plate surface. The wall-jet is structured into an inner and an outer layer that, in the limit of infinite local Reynolds number, resemble a turbulent boundary layer and a free-shear flow. The investigation assesses the self-similar character of the mean radial velocity and Reynolds stresses profiles scaled by inner and outer layer units for varying size of the roughness topography. Namely the usual viscous units $u_{\tau}$ and $\delta_{\upsilon}$ are used as inner layer scales, while the maximum radial velocity $u_{m}$ and its wall-normal location $z_{m}$ are used as outer layer scales. It is shown that the self-similarity of the mean radial velocity profiles scaled by outer layer units is marginally affected by the span of roughness topographies investigated, as outer layer velocity and length reference scales do not show a significantly modified behavior when surface roughness is considered. On the other hand, the mean radial velocity profiles scaled by inner layer units show a considerable scatter, as the roughness sub-layer determined by the considered roughness topographies extends up to the outer layer of the wall-jet. Nevertheless, the similar character of the velocity profiles appears to be conserved despite the profound impact of surface roughness

Heat Transfer of an Impinging JET : Sensitivity Towards Inflow Conditions

The wall-heat transfer in the impingement region of a turbulent incompressible jet impinging onto a flat plate is assessed using direct numerical simulations. For impinging jets, the mean wall-heat transfer distribution along the plate features a global maximum close to the jet axis and, for specific configurations, a secondary peak further downstream of the impingement region. While the appearance of the latter maximum has been the focus of many investigations, the occurrence of the former and its links to the inflow conditions of the jet have only been alluded to by existing studies. The present research considers two different inflow conditions: a fully developed turbulent pipe flow and a slightly convergent nozzle. The study shows that turbulent fluctuations, characterising the impingement region of the fully-developed turbulent inflow case, are significant in determining events of positive wall-heat transfer rates very close to the jet axis. On the contrary, similar events are not observed in the stagnation region of the convergent nozzle case, and the associated mean wall-heat transfer displays a markedly different distribution compared to the fully- developed turbulent inflow case

DNS of Turbulent Impinging JETS on rough surfaces using a parametric forcing Approach

This work presents direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a circular turbulent jet impinging on rough plates. A parametric forcing approach (PFA) accounts for surface roughness effects by applying a forcing term into the Navier-Stokes equations within a thin layer in the near-wall region. The application of the PFA in the context of spatially developing flows is the essential aspect of the investigation. The method is known to produce accurate predictions of the velocity field in fully developed turbulent flows while avoiding the demanding grid resolution required by an immersed boundary method (IBM) approach. The comparison between PFA results and IBM-resolved roughness DNS allows addressing the advantages and limitations of the PFA in the context of spatially developing flows

Heparanase and macrophage interplay in the onset of liver fibrosis

Abstract The heparan sulfate endoglycosidase heparanase (HPSE) is involved in tumor growth, chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Since a role for HPSE in chronic liver disease has not been demonstrated to date, the current study was aimed at investigating the involvement of HPSE in the pathogenesis of chronic liver injury. Herein, we revealed that HPSE expression increased in mouse livers after carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-mediated chronic induction of fibrosis, but with a trend to decline during progression of the disease. In mouse fibrotic liver tissues HPSE immunostaining was restricted in necro-inflammatory areas, co-localizing with F4/80 macrophage marker and TNF-α. TNF-α treatment induced HPSE expression as well as HPSE secretion in U937 macrophages. Moreover, macrophage-secreted HPSE regulated the expression of α-SMA and fibronectin in hepatic stellate LX-2 cells. Finally, HPSE activity increased in the plasma of patients with liver fibrosis but it inversely correlated with liver stiffness. Our results suggest the involvement of HPSE in early phases of reaction to liver damage and inflammatory macrophages as an important source of HPSE. HPSE seems to play a key role in the macrophage-mediated activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), thus suggesting that HPSE targeting could be a new therapeutic option in the treatment of liver fibrosis

Una strada parco per la "Città Pontina"

Nel volume è presentato un progetto di parco lineare innervato sulla realizzazione di una pista ciclabile che sfrutta il tracciato ferroviario dismesso della tratta Velletri Terracina. Il parco include aree agricole, siti archeologici e di interesse storico e naturalistico ed una serie di cave dismesse di cui si progetta la rinaturalizzazioned il riuso per servizi del parco. Il progetto prevede inoltre risalite meccaniche ai centri antichi sulla Pedemontana Setina.In this volume is presented a draft innervated linear park on the creation of a bike path that takes advantage of the disused railway line is of Velletri Terracina. The park includes agricultural areas, and archaeological sites of historical and natural interest and a series of disused quarries where you plan to reuse the rinaturalizzazioned for park services. The project also includes the ski lifts to the ancient centers on the foothills Setina

Turbulent impinging jets on rough surfaces

This work presents direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a circular turbulent jet impinging on rough plates. The roughness is once resolved through an immersed boundary method (IBM) and once modeled through a parametric forcing approach (PFA) which accounts for surface roughness effects by applying a forcing term into the Navier–Stokes equations within a thin layer in the near-wall region. The DNS with the IBM setup is validated using optical flow field measurements over a smooth and a rough plate with similar statistical surface properties. In the study, IBM-resolved cases are used to show that the PFA is capable of reproducing mean flow features well at large wall-normal distances, while less accurate predictions are observed in the near-wall region. The demarcation between these two regions is approximately identified with the mean wall height of the surface roughness distribution. Based on the observed differences in the results between IBM- and PFA-resolved cases, plausible future improvements of the PFA are suggested

Haemodynamic Crosstalk Between Carotid Arteries and Implications for Wall Shear Stress Measurements

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