Early evolution of the T-box transcription factor family

Deèelopmental transcription factors are key players in animal multicellularity, being members of the T-box family that are among the most important. Until recently, T-box transcription factors were thought to be exclusièely present in metazoans. Here, we report the presence of T-box genes in seèeral nonmetazoan lineages, including ichthyosporeans, filastereans, and fungi. Our data confirm that Brachyury is the most ancient member of the T-box family and establish that the T-box family dièersified at the onset of Metazoa. Moreoèer, we demonstrate functional conserèation of a homolog of Brachyury of the protist Capsaspora owczarzaki in Xenopus laeèis. By comparing the molecular phenotype of C. owczarzaki Brachyury with that of homologs of early branching metazoans, we define a clear difference between unicellular holozoan and metazoan Brachyury homologs, suggesting that the specificity of Brachyury emerged at the origin of Metazoa. Experimental determination of the binding preferences of the C. owczarzaki Brachyury results in a similar motif to that of metazoan Brachyury and other T-box classes. This finding suggests that functional specificity between different T-box classes is likely achieèed by interaction with alternatièe cofactors, as opposed to differences in binding specificity

The origin of Metazoa: a unicellular perspective

The first animals evolved from an unknown single-celled ancestor in the Precambrian period. Recently, the identification and characterization of the genomic and cellular traits of the protists most closely related to animals have shed light on the origin of animals. Comparisons of animals with these unicellular relatives allow us to reconstruct the first evolutionary steps towards animal multicellularity. Here, we review the results of these investigations and discuss their implications for understanding the earliest stages of animal evolution, including the origin of metazoan genes and genome function

Le Miroir des sports : publication hebdomadaire illustrée

07 décembre 19221922/12/07 (A12,N127)-1922/12/07

Figure S8 from Comparative genomic analysis of the ‘psuedofungus’ <i>Hyphochytrium catenoides</i>

Eukaryotic microbes have three primary mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and energy: phagotrophy, photosynthesis and osmotrophy. Traits associated with the latter two functions arose independently multiple times in the eukaryotes. Fungi successfully coupled osmotrophy with filamentous growth, similar traits are also manifested in the Pseudofungi (oomycetes and hyphochytriomycetes). Both the Fungi and the Pseudofungi encompass a diversity of plant and animal parasites. Genome-sequencing efforts have focused on host-associated microbes (mutualistic symbionts or parasites), providing limited comparisons with free-living relatives. Here we report the first draft genome sequence of a hyphochytriomycete ‘pseudofungus’; <i>Hyphochytrium catenoides</i>. Using phylogenomic approaches, we identify genes of recent viral ancestry, with related viral derived genes also present on the genomes of oomycetes, suggesting a complex history of viral coevolution and integration across the Pseudofungi. <i>H. catenoides</i> has a complex life cycle involving diverse filamentous structures and a flagellated zoospore with a single anterior-tinselate flagellum. We use genome comparisons, drug sensitivity analysis and high-throughput culture arrays to investigate the ancestry of oomycete/pseudofungal characteristics and metabolic traits, demonstrating that many of the genetic features associated with pathogenic traits evolved specifically within the oomycete radiation. Comparative genomics also identified differences in the repertoire of genes associated with filamentous growth between the Fungi and the Pseudofungi, including differences in vesicle trafficking systems, cell-wall synthesis pathways and motor protein repertoire, demonstrating that unique cellular systems underpinned the convergent evolution of filamentous osmotrophic growth in these two eukaryotic groups

[2 albums et 12 phot. coloriées en dépliant de costumes traditionnels de Hambourg, par Emil Kalen, phot. à Altona, achetées en 1883 et données par le prince R. Bonaparte]

Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : PhoGéo

Supplementary Figure Legends from Comparative genomic analysis of the ‘psuedofungus’ <i>Hyphochytrium catenoides</i>

Eukaryotic microbes have three primary mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and energy: phagotrophy, photosynthesis and osmotrophy. Traits associated with the latter two functions arose independently multiple times in the eukaryotes. Fungi successfully coupled osmotrophy with filamentous growth, similar traits are also manifested in the Pseudofungi (oomycetes and hyphochytriomycetes). Both the Fungi and the Pseudofungi encompass a diversity of plant and animal parasites. Genome-sequencing efforts have focused on host-associated microbes (mutualistic symbionts or parasites), providing limited comparisons with free-living relatives. Here we report the first draft genome sequence of a hyphochytriomycete ‘pseudofungus’; <i>Hyphochytrium catenoides</i>. Using phylogenomic approaches, we identify genes of recent viral ancestry, with related viral derived genes also present on the genomes of oomycetes, suggesting a complex history of viral coevolution and integration across the Pseudofungi. <i>H. catenoides</i> has a complex life cycle involving diverse filamentous structures and a flagellated zoospore with a single anterior-tinselate flagellum. We use genome comparisons, drug sensitivity analysis and high-throughput culture arrays to investigate the ancestry of oomycete/pseudofungal characteristics and metabolic traits, demonstrating that many of the genetic features associated with pathogenic traits evolved specifically within the oomycete radiation. Comparative genomics also identified differences in the repertoire of genes associated with filamentous growth between the Fungi and the Pseudofungi, including differences in vesicle trafficking systems, cell-wall synthesis pathways and motor protein repertoire, demonstrating that unique cellular systems underpinned the convergent evolution of filamentous osmotrophic growth in these two eukaryotic groups

Figure S12 from Comparative genomic analysis of the ‘psuedofungus’ <i>Hyphochytrium catenoides</i>

Eukaryotic microbes have three primary mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and energy: phagotrophy, photosynthesis and osmotrophy. Traits associated with the latter two functions arose independently multiple times in the eukaryotes. Fungi successfully coupled osmotrophy with filamentous growth, similar traits are also manifested in the Pseudofungi (oomycetes and hyphochytriomycetes). Both the Fungi and the Pseudofungi encompass a diversity of plant and animal parasites. Genome-sequencing efforts have focused on host-associated microbes (mutualistic symbionts or parasites), providing limited comparisons with free-living relatives. Here we report the first draft genome sequence of a hyphochytriomycete ‘pseudofungus’; <i>Hyphochytrium catenoides</i>. Using phylogenomic approaches, we identify genes of recent viral ancestry, with related viral derived genes also present on the genomes of oomycetes, suggesting a complex history of viral coevolution and integration across the Pseudofungi. <i>H. catenoides</i> has a complex life cycle involving diverse filamentous structures and a flagellated zoospore with a single anterior-tinselate flagellum. We use genome comparisons, drug sensitivity analysis and high-throughput culture arrays to investigate the ancestry of oomycete/pseudofungal characteristics and metabolic traits, demonstrating that many of the genetic features associated with pathogenic traits evolved specifically within the oomycete radiation. Comparative genomics also identified differences in the repertoire of genes associated with filamentous growth between the Fungi and the Pseudofungi, including differences in vesicle trafficking systems, cell-wall synthesis pathways and motor protein repertoire, demonstrating that unique cellular systems underpinned the convergent evolution of filamentous osmotrophic growth in these two eukaryotic groups

Table S8 from Comparative genomic analysis of the ‘psuedofungus’ <i>Hyphochytrium catenoides</i>

<b>Identification of putative homologues of known flagellum associated proteins.</b> This analyses includes comparison with the <i>Colpomenia bullosa</i> flagella proteomes [90

Figure S6 from Comparative genomic analysis of the ‘psuedofungus’ <i>Hyphochytrium catenoides</i>

Eukaryotic microbes have three primary mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and energy: phagotrophy, photosynthesis and osmotrophy. Traits associated with the latter two functions arose independently multiple times in the eukaryotes. Fungi successfully coupled osmotrophy with filamentous growth, similar traits are also manifested in the Pseudofungi (oomycetes and hyphochytriomycetes). Both the Fungi and the Pseudofungi encompass a diversity of plant and animal parasites. Genome-sequencing efforts have focused on host-associated microbes (mutualistic symbionts or parasites), providing limited comparisons with free-living relatives. Here we report the first draft genome sequence of a hyphochytriomycete ‘pseudofungus’; <i>Hyphochytrium catenoides</i>. Using phylogenomic approaches, we identify genes of recent viral ancestry, with related viral derived genes also present on the genomes of oomycetes, suggesting a complex history of viral coevolution and integration across the Pseudofungi. <i>H. catenoides</i> has a complex life cycle involving diverse filamentous structures and a flagellated zoospore with a single anterior-tinselate flagellum. We use genome comparisons, drug sensitivity analysis and high-throughput culture arrays to investigate the ancestry of oomycete/pseudofungal characteristics and metabolic traits, demonstrating that many of the genetic features associated with pathogenic traits evolved specifically within the oomycete radiation. Comparative genomics also identified differences in the repertoire of genes associated with filamentous growth between the Fungi and the Pseudofungi, including differences in vesicle trafficking systems, cell-wall synthesis pathways and motor protein repertoire, demonstrating that unique cellular systems underpinned the convergent evolution of filamentous osmotrophic growth in these two eukaryotic groups

Table S10 from Comparative genomic analysis of the ‘psuedofungus’ <i>Hyphochytrium catenoides</i>

Possible contamination scaffold