Z-standardized scores (boxplots with data point distributions) from the response-time based (BIAT) and questionnaire (PEAS) doping attitude measures in the two experimental conditions.

<p>Z-standardized scores (boxplots with data point distributions) from the response-time based (BIAT) and questionnaire (PEAS) doping attitude measures in the two experimental conditions.</p

Descriptive statistics for attitudes and strategic responding in groups.

<p>^aLow test scores represent negative doping attitudes;</p><p>^bLow test scores indicate low dispositions.</p><p>Descriptive statistics for attitudes and strategic responding in groups.</p

The Effect of Implicitly Incentivized Faking on Explicit and Implicit Measures of Doping Attitude: When Athletes Want to Pretend an Even More Negative Attitude to Doping

<div><p>The Implicit Association Test (IAT) aims to measure participants’ automatic evaluation of an attitude object and is useful especially for the measurement of attitudes related to socially sensitive subjects, e.g. doping in sports. Several studies indicate that IAT scores can be faked on instruction. But fully or semi-instructed research scenarios might not properly reflect what happens in more realistic situations, when participants secretly decide to try faking the test. The present study is the first to investigate IAT faking when there is only an implicit incentive to do so. Sixty-five athletes (22.83 years ± 2.45; 25 women) were randomly assigned to an incentive-to-fake condition or a control condition. Participants in the incentive-to-fake condition were manipulated to believe that athletes with lenient doping attitudes would be referred to a tedious 45-minute anti-doping program. Attitudes were measured with the pictorial doping brief IAT (BIAT) and with the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). A one-way MANOVA revealed significant differences between conditions after the manipulation in PEAS scores, but not in the doping BIAT. In the light of our hypothesis this suggests that participants successfully faked an exceedingly negative attitude to doping when completing the PEAS, but were unsuccessful in doing so on the reaction time-based test. This study assessed BIAT faking in a setting that aimed to resemble a situation in which participants want to hide their attempts to cheat. The two measures of attitude were differentially affected by the implicit incentive. Our findings provide evidence that the pictorial doping BIAT is relatively robust against spontaneous and naïve faking attempts. (B)IATs might be less prone to faking than implied by previous studies.</p></div

Overview of workflow for the automated imaging of the developing zebrafish pronephros.

<p>(A) Overview of the workflow for screening larval kidneys. The flowchart illustrates the different steps carried out to obtain overview images of kidneys. (B) Initial compound treatment or microinjection of embryos prior to sample preparation and imaging. (C) Schematic illustrating the transfer of embryos into agarose coated microtiter plates, and alignment and orientation of embryos. (D-G) Acquisition and processing of image Data. D to F show data of the same embryo. (D) Automated acquisition of z-stacks (33 z-slices, dZ=15µm) on an inverted widefield screening microscope. (E) Deblurring of images using deconvolution. Shown are maximum projections of z-stacks of raw data (left panel) and deconvolved data (right panel). (F) Automated detection and cropping of the kidney region. The red square indicates the position and dimensions of the cropped region. (G) Automated generation of overview images for quick assessment of overall morphological changes. Indomethacin skeletal formula in (A) taken from (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:indometacin_skeletal.svg" target="_blank"><u>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indometacin_skeletal.svg</u></a>).</p

Overview of compound concentration-dependent pronephric phenotypes.

<p>Illustrative examples of pronephroi of a (A) non-treated embryo, and after treatment with (B) 20 mM penicillin, (C) 40 mM ampicillin, (D) 40 mM gentamicin, (E) 40 mM kanamycin, (F) 40 mM acetaminophen, (G) 40 mM captopril, (H) 10 mM losartan. For examples of phenotypes after Indomethacin treatment see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0082137#pone-0082137-g004" target="_blank">Figure <b>4A-E</b></a>. Arrow and arrowheads in (A) indicate the different morphological parameters of the pronephros scored to evaluate compound effect on the developing kidney. Arrow: fused glomeruli; Arrowhead: angle between the neck segment and the proximal convoluted tubule. (I-M) Heatmaps showing (I) lethality rates, (J) edema rates and (K-M) changes in morphological parameters of the pronephros. In detail, (K) incomplete glomerular fusion, (L) glomerular malformation and (M) tubular angle. For further details see Materials and Methods and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0082137#pone.0082137.s003" target="_blank">Tables <b>S1</b>-<b>S3</b></a>. Colour codes indicate the percentage of embryos (I-L) with particular phenotype, or the angle between neck segment and proximal convoluted tubule (M) as indicated by the colour coded legend. Grey squares indicate missing data points. Concentration ranges used are indicated above the heatmaps, or below for Indomethacin, respectively. Abbreviations: penicillin (Pen), ampicillin (Amp), gentamicin (Gen), kanamycin (Kan), acetaminophen (Ace), captopril (Cap), losartan (Los) and indomethacin (Ind). *p<0.05, **p<0.001.</p

Standardized orientation of zebrafish embryos.

<p>(A,B) Photographs of the brass tool for the simultaneous generation of agarose grooves within 96 well microtiter plates: (A) top view and (B) tilted view. For dimensions of the plate see Materials and Methods section. (C) Schematic depiction of a single well with a ventrally oriented embryo within an agarose cavity. Drawing is not to scale. (D) Illustrative example of aligned and oriented embryos. Shown are dorsal views of 48 hpf embryos acquired using a 2.5x objective on an inverted wide field screening microscope.</p