Stability of palm oil-based emulsion liquid membrane for succinic acid extraction from aqueous solution

Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process has high potential in the separation of succinic from the fermentation broth. However, the major drawback of this technology is the stability of emulsion globules during the extraction process and the chemical involve d in the liquid membrane formulation. This study investigate the stability of ELM using a greener formulation containing Amberlite LA - 2 as a carrier, Span 80 and Tween 80 as a surfactant, palm oil as a diluent and sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) as an aqueous st ripping agent. The emulsion stability was evaluated by observing the water - oil separation of the emulsion and microscopic image of emulsion droplets count and size. Several operating parameters including the organic to internal ratio, homogenizer speed, ho mogenizing time, and surfactant concentration, and surfactant blend were investigated. The results show the most stable water - in - oil emulsion was observed at 3:1 organic to internal ratio; 7000rpm homogenizer speed; 5 minute emulsification time; 3% (w/v) s urfactant at HLB 8. Besides, the extraction study shows 70% of the succinic acid was extracted at 0.01M Na 2 CO 3 , 1:3 treat ratio, and 0.7M Amberlite in palm oil at optimum primary emulsion stability conditions. This indicates the potential of using palm oil based ELM for the extraction of succinic acid

CottusAsper_microsatelliteloci

Genepop datafile for 14 microsatellite loci genotyped for Cottus asper in southwestern British Columbia

Natural Selection and Neutral Evolution Jointly Drive Population Divergence between Alpine and Lowland Ecotypes of the Allopolyploid Plant <i>Anemone multifida</i> (Ranunculaceae)

<div><p>Population differentiation can be driven in large part by natural selection, but selectively neutral evolution can play a prominent role in shaping patters of population divergence. The decomposition of the evolutionary history of populations into the relative effects of natural selection and selectively neutral evolution enables an understanding of the causes of population divergence and adaptation. In this study, we examined heterogeneous genomic divergence between alpine and lowland ecotypes of the allopolyploid plant, <i>Anemone multifida</i>. Using peak height and dominant AFLP data, we quantified population differentiation at non-outlier (neutral) and outlier loci to determine the potential contribution of natural selection and selectively neutral evolution to population divergence. We found 13 candidate loci, corresponding to 2.7% of loci, with signatures of divergent natural selection between alpine and lowland populations and between alpine populations (Fst  = 0.074–0.445 at outlier loci), but neutral population differentiation was also evident between alpine populations (F_ST  = 0.041–0.095 at neutral loci). By examining population structure at both neutral and outlier loci, we determined that the combined effects of selection and neutral evolution are associated with the divergence of alpine populations, which may be linked to extreme abiotic conditions and isolation between alpine sites. The presence of outlier levels of genetic variation in structured populations underscores the importance of separately analyzing neutral and outlier loci to infer the relative role of divergent natural selection and neutral evolution in population divergence.</p></div

Scatterplot of the first two principal components of variation in AFLP genotype for non-outlier loci (A) and outlier loci (B).

<p>Alpine populations, HWP and HSB in open data points; lowland populations, BHS, BL, and WC in closed data points.</p

Comparison of the relative log₁₀(PO) scores from BayeScan for each AFLP locus using the peak height and dominant AFLP data.

<p>The log posterior odds scores (PO) measures the probability a particular locus is an outlier when compared to the probability it is not an outlier (a higher score would indicate a higher probability of being an outlier). A log PO threshold of 1 is commonly used to delineate outlier from non-outlier loci <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068889#pone.0068889-Fischer1" target="_blank">[37]</a>.</p

STRUCTURE results for the outlier loci.

<p>A) The most likely number of distinct genetic clusters, K, at the outlier loci (top; denoted with the highest ΔK) detected by STRUCTURE following the correction method of Evanno et al. (2005). B) Barplot showing the probability of individual assignment to each genetic cluster (bottom; represented by different colours) for outlier loci. Sites represented are lowland (BHS, BL, and WC) as well as alpine (HSB and HWP).</p

Location of populations sampled from Alberta, Canada, during June and July, 2011.

<p>Populations BHS, WC and BL are lowland and HWP and HSB are alpine sites.</p

F_ST estimates based on dominant data for all neutral (top panel) and outlier (bottom panel) loci for all pairs of populations.

<p>Estimates that differed significantly from zero at p<0.01 are bolded, except in the outlier table in which all F_ST estimates were significantly greater than zero. The lowland populations are BHS, BL, and WC, and alpine sites are HSB and HWP.</p

Genomic read data for Hatzic Lake in bam format

Bam file with genomic read data (HiSeq2000, 100bp paired-end reads, pooled sequences of 44 Cottus individuals from Hatzic Lake

AFLP primer pair characteristics, including N_BANDS, the number of bands scored, N_SAMPLES, the number of samples successfully scored, H_E, expected heterozygosity, H_E^primer, expected heterozygosity averaged over primer combinations, H_E^pop, the expected heterozygosity averaged over populations, P, the proportion of polymorphic markers, and P_mean, the mean proportion of polymorphic markers.

<p>AFLP primer pair characteristics, including N_BANDS, the number of bands scored, N_SAMPLES, the number of samples successfully scored, H_E, expected heterozygosity, H_E^primer, expected heterozygosity averaged over primer combinations, H_E^pop, the expected heterozygosity averaged over populations, P, the proportion of polymorphic markers, and P_mean, the mean proportion of polymorphic markers.</p