30 research outputs found
Origami building blocks: generic and special 4-vertices
Four rigid panels connected by hinges that meet at a point form a 4-vertex,
the fundamental building block of origami metamaterials. Here we show how the
geometry of 4-vertices, given by the sector angles of each plate, affects their
folding behavior. For generic vertices, we distinguish three vertex types and
two subtypes. We establish relationships based on the relative sizes of the
sector angles to determine which folds can fully close and the possible
mountain-valley assignments. Next, we consider what occurs when sector angles
or sums thereof are set equal, which results in 16 special vertex types. One of
these, flat-foldable vertices, has been studied extensively, but we show that a
wide variety of qualitatively different folding motions exist for the other 15
special and 3 generic types. Our work establishes a straightforward set of
rules for understanding the folding motion of both generic and special
4-vertices and serves as a roadmap for designing origami metamaterials.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figure
Asymmetries in triboelectric charging: generalizing mosaic models to different-material samples and sliding contacts
Nominally identical materials exchange net electric charge during contact
through a mechanism that is still debated. `Mosaic models', in which surfaces
are presumed to consist of a random patchwork of microscopic donor/acceptor
sites, offer an appealing explanation for this phenomenon. However, recent
experiments have shown that global differences persist even between
same-material samples, which the standard mosaic framework does not account
for. Here, we expand the mosaic framework by incorporating global differences
in the densities of donor/acceptor sites. We develop an analytical model,
backed by numerical simulations, that smoothly connects the global and
deterministic charge transfer of different materials to the local and
stochastic mosaic picture normally associated with identical materials. Going
further, we extend our model to explain the effect of contact asymmetries
during sliding, providing a plausible explanation for reversal of charging sign
that has been observed experimentally.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure
Single-collision statistics reveal a global, water-driven mechanism for contact electrification in granular media
Models for same-material contact electrification in granular media often rely
on a local charge-driving parameter whose spatial variations lead to a
stochastic origin for charge exchange. Measuring the charge transfer from
individual granular spheres after contacts with substrates of the same
material, we find that the charge-driving parameter is global, not local.
Cleaning and baking samples fully resets their charging behavior, which
indicates the underlying global parameter is not intrinsic to the material, but
acquired from its history. Charging behavior is randomly and irreversibly
affected by changes in relative humidity, pointing to a mechanism where
adsorbates, in particular water, are fundamental to the charge-transfer
process.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
Designing the energy landscape of folded structures
We show that multistability is an inherent feature of planar folded objects. By systematically exploring the energy landscape of the simplest such system, i.e., a single vertex fold connecting four rigid plates where all elastic energy is stored in the folds, we show that bistability is generally expected. With simple design rules we can add a third or even a fourth-stable state. Under exceptional circumstances, we can “remove” one minima to create effectively monostable systems. Tiling such structures allows us to design metamaterials with functional stability landscapes
Origami Multistabilty: From Single Vertices to Metasheets
We explore the surprisingly rich energy landscape of origami-like folding
planar structures. We show that the configuration space of rigid-paneled
degree-4 vertices, the simplest building blocks of such systems, consists of at
least two distinct branches meeting at the flat state. This suggests that
generic vertices are at least bistable, but we find that the nonlinear nature
of these branches allows for vertices with as many as five distinct stable
states. In vertices with collinear folds and/or symmetry, more branches emerge
leading to up to six stable states. Finally, we introduce a procedure to tile
arbitrary 4-vertices while preserving their stable states, thus allowing the
design and creation of multistable origami metasheets.Comment: For supplemental movies please visit
http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/~chen/multisheet
Non-Euclidean Origami
Traditional origami starts from flat surfaces, leading to crease patterns
consisting of Euclidean vertices. However, Euclidean vertices are limited in
their folding motions, are degenerate, and suffer from misfolding. Here we show
how non-Euclidean 4-vertices overcome these limitations by lifting this
degeneracy, and that when the elasticity of the hinges is taken into account,
non-Euclidean 4-vertices permit higher-order multistability. We harness these
advantages to design an origami inverter that does not suffer from misfolding
and to physically realize a tristable vertex
Quantitatively consistent, scale-spanning model for same-material tribocharging
By rigorously accounting for mesoscale spatial correlations in donor/acceptor
surface properties, we develop a scale-spanning model for same-material
tribocharging. We find that mesoscale correlations affect not only the
magnitude of charge transfer but also the fluctuations-suppressing otherwise
overwhelming charge-transfer variability that is not observed experimentally.
We furthermore propose a generic theoretical mechanism by which the mesoscale
features might emerge, which is qualitatively consistent with other proposals
in the literature.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. Supplemental Material: 13 pages, 10 figures, 1
movi
Cover slip external cavity diode laser
The design of a 671 nm diode laser with a mode-hop-free tuning range of 40
GHz is described. This long tuning range is achieved by simultaneously ramping
the external cavity length with the laser injection current. The external
cavity consists of a microscope cover slip mounted on piezoelectric actuators.
In such a configuration the laser output pointing remains fixed, independent of
its frequency. Using a diode with an output power of 5-7 mW, the laser
linewidth was found to be smaller than 30 MHz. This cover slip cavity and
feedforward laser current control system is simple, economical, robust, and
easy to use for spectroscopy, as we demonstrate with lithium vapor and lithium
atom beam experiments.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Review of Scientific Instruments
7/29/0