8,129 research outputs found
Twists of Plücker coordinates as dimer partition functions
The homogeneous coordinate ring of the Grassmannian Grk,n has a cluster structure defined in terms of planar diagrams known as Postnikov diagrams. The cluster corresponding to such a diagram consists entirely of Plucker coordinates. We introduce a twist map on Grk,n, related to the Berenstein-Fomin-Zelevinsky-twist, and give an explicit Laurent expansion for the
twist of an arbitrary Plucker coordinate in terms of the cluster variables associated with a fixed
Postnikov diagram. The expansion arises as a (scaled) dimer partition function of a weighted version of the bipartite graph dual to the Postnikov diagram, modified by a boundary condition determined by the Plucker coordinate. We also relate the twist map to a maximal green sequence
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Modelling rates of gasification of a char particle in chemical looping combustion
Rates of gasification of lignite char were compared when gasification with CO2 was undertaken in a
fluidised bed of either (i) an active Fe-based oxygen carrier used for chemical looping or (ii) inert sand. The
kinetics of the gasification were found to be significantly faster in the presence of the oxygen carrier,
especially at temperatures above 1123 K. An analytical solution assuming pseudo-binary diffusion of species
was developed to account for external and internal mass transfer and for the effect of the looping agent. The
model also included the effects of the evolution of the pore structure at different conversions. The results are
compared with a full numerical model using the Stefan-Maxwell equations. Excellent agreement was
observed between the rates predicted by the two models and those observed experimentally at T ≤ 1123 K. At
1173 K, the pseudo-binary model predicted slightly higher rates than the full numerical solution. It was found
that a significant share of the error of the predicted rates with the analytical solution was caused by an
underestimation of intraparticle diffusional resistance rather than by assuming a pseudo-binary system
external to the particle. Both models suggested that the presence of Fe2O3 led to an increase in the rate of
gasification because of the rapid oxidation of CO by the oxygen carrier to CO2. This resulted in the removal of
CO and maintained a higher mole fraction of CO2 in the mixture of gas around the particle of char, i.e. within
the mass transfer boundary layer surrounding the particle. This effect was most prominent at ~20% conversion
when (i) the surface area for reaction was a maximum and (ii) because of the accompanying increase in
porosity, intraparticle resistance to gas mass transfer within the particle of char had fallen, compared with that
in the initial particle.EPSRCThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is now available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1540748914003150
Factors affecting accumulation of summer grass for winter standing feed in the high country
A 0.5 ha 6-year trial compared 6 grass species x 4
N fertiliser rates x 2 times of closing for summer-saved
standing winter feed. The pre-winter yields
averaged 3.4 t DM/ha from November, closing
with a high browntop/sweet vernal component, as
compared with 1.7 t DM/ha from December
closings with a low browntop/sweet vernal
component. Grasslands Kara cocksfoot was the
highest yielding cultivar, followed by Grasslands
Apanui cocksfoot, Grasslands Wana cocksfoot,
Grasslands Roa tall fescue, Grasslands Nui
perennial ryegrass and Grasslands Maru phalaris,
with decreasing proportions of sown grass.
Nitrogen fertiliser had a limited effect on prewinter
yields but did have a carry-over effect into
spring yields
Neck atonia with a focal stimulation-induced seizure arising from the SMA: pathophysiological considerations.
A 28-year-old patient with pharmacoresistant non-lesional right frontal epilepsy underwent extra-operative intracranial EEG recordings and electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) to map eloquent cortex. Right supplementary motor area (SMA) ECS induced a brief seizure with habitual symptoms involving neck tingling followed by asymmetric tonic posturing. An additional feature was neck atonia. During atonia and sensory aura, discharges were seen in the mesial frontal electrodes and precentral gyrus. Besides motor signs, atonia, although rare and not described in the neck muscles, and sensations have been reported with SMA stimulation. The mechanisms underlying neck atonia in seizures arising from the SMA can be explained by supplementary negative motor area (SNMA) - though this was not mapped in electrodes overlying the ictal onset zone in our patient - or primary sensorimotor cortex activation through rapid propagation. Given the broad spectrum of signs elicited by SMA stimulation and rapid spread of seizures arising from the SMA, caution should be taken to not diagnose these as non-epileptic, as had previously occurred in this patient
Kinetics of oxygen uncoupling of a copper based oxygen carrier
Here, an oxygen carrier consisting of 60 wt% CuO supported on a mixture of Al_2O_ 3 and CaO (23 wt% and 17 wt% respectively) was synthesised by wet-mixing powdered CuO, Al(OH)_3 and Ca(OH)_2, followed by calcination at 1000⁰C. Its suitability for chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) was investigated. After 25 repeated redox cycles in either a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) or a laboratory-scale fluidised bed, (with 5 vol% H_2 in N_2 as the fuel, and air as the oxidant) no significant change in either the oxygen uncoupling capacity or the overall oxygen availability of the carrier was found. In the TGA, it was found that the rate of oxygen release from the material was controlled by intrinsic chemical kinetics and external transfer of mass from the surface of the particles to the bulk gas. By modelling the various resistances, values of the rate constant for the decomposition were obtained. The activation energy of the reaction was found to be 59.7 kJ/mol (with a standard error of 5.6 kJ/mol) and the corresponding pre-exponential factor was 632 m^3/mol/s. The local rate of conversion within a particle was assumed to occur either (i) by homogeneous chemical reaction, or (ii) in uniform, non-porous grains, each reacting as a kinetically-controlled shrinking core. Upon cross validation against a batch fluidised bed experiment, the homogeneous reaction mode l was found to be more plausible. By accurately accounting for the various artefacts (e.g. mass transfer resistances) present in both TGA and Fluidised bed experiments, it was possible to extract a consistent set of kinetic parameters which reproduced the rates of oxygen release in both experiments.This work is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC grant EP/I010912/1) and The Cambridge Commonwealth, European & International Trust as well as Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. The authors would also like to thank Mohammad Ismail for the XRD analysis and Zlatko Saracevic for the nitrogen adsorption analysis.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.00
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Limitations on Fluid Grid Sizing for Using Volume-Averaged Fluid Equations in Discrete Element Models of Fluidized Beds
Bubbling and slugging fluidization were simulated in 3D cylindrical fluidized beds using a discrete element model with computational fluid dynamics (DEM-CFD). A CFD grid was used in which the volume of all fluid cells was equal. Ninety simulations were conducted with different fluid grid cell lengths in the vertical (dz) and radial (dr) directions to determine at what fluid grid sizes, as compared to the particle diameter (dp), the volume-averaged fluid equations broke down and the predictions became physically unrealistic. Simulations were compared with experimental results for time-averaged particle velocities as well as frequencies of pressure oscillations and bubble eruptions. The theoretical predictions matched experimental results most accurately when dz = 3-4 dp, with physically unrealistic predictions produced from grids with lower dz. Within the valid range of dz, variations of dr did not have a significant effect on the results.CMB acknowledges the Gates Cambridge Trust for funding his research.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from ACS via http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b0318
Use of a Chemical-Looping Reaction to Determine the Residence Time Distribution of Solids in a Circulating Fluidized Bed
The residence time distribution (RTD) of solids in various sections of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is of great importance for design and operation but is often difficult to determine experimentally. A noninvasive method is described, for which the RTD was derived from temporal measurements of the temperature following the initiation of a chemical-looping reaction. To demonstrate the method, a CuO-based oxygen carrier was used in a small-scale CFB, and measurements were made in the fuel reactor, operated as a bubbling fluidized bed. The measurements were fitted to the tanks-in-series model, modified to account for heat losses from the reactor. There was excellent agreement between the model and the experiment. Limitations and further improvements of the method are discussed, also with respect to larger reactors.This work is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC Grant EP/I010912/1).This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Wiley via http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.20160014
Sensitivity of chemical-looping combustion to particle reaction kinetics
A simple simulation for chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is discussed: two, coupled fluidised reactors with steady circulation of particles of oxygen carrier between them. In particular, the sensitivity of CLC to different particle kinetics is investigated. The results show that the system is relatively insensitive to different kinetics when the mean residence time of particles in each reactor is greater than the time taken for them to react completely.This is the final published version. It first appeared at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250916302779
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High selectivity epoxidation of ethylene in chemical looping setup
We describe the remarkable performance of a new catalyst for the chemical looping (CL-) epoxidation of ethylene, performed at atmospheric pressure and without any promoters added to either the catalyst or the feed gas. To undertake the CL-epoxidation of ethylene, silver was used as the catalyst, supported on either the perovskite SrFeO3 or Ce-modified SrFeO3. Here, the oxygen for the reaction is supplied to the silver catalyst from the active solid support, not from the gas stream. When the support has been reduced and depleted of oxygen, it is regenerated in a separate step with air, which makes the process cyclic and closes a chemical loop. Thus, there is no need to co-feed gaseous oxygen along with the ethylene feed, an important improvement in safety. Two methods were used to synthesise Ce-modified materials, employing either (i) the mechanical mixing of powdered CeO2 and the solid precursors of the perovskite, or (ii) the impregnation of a solution of cerium nitrate into solid particles of SrFeO3. In both cases, the materials were calcined to produce a mixture of CeO2 and SrFeO3. Both CeO2-SrFeO3 materials surpassed the unmodified SrFeO3 for CL-epoxidation. For the CeO2-SrFeO3 prepared by mechanical mixing, the production of ethylene oxide was stable over 15 cycles, giving 60% selectivity at 10% conversion of C2H4. In contrast, the material prepared by impregnation gave up to 85% selectivity but only in the first cycle of reduction, with the performance degrading over subsequent cycles. The reported results are better than the 50% selectivity achieved for the classical epoxidation using pure silver as the catalyst and feeds of gaseous ethylene and oxygen, without reaction promoters
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Chemical looping epoxidation
Chemical looping epoxidation of ethylene was demonstrated, whereby the sole oxidant was a solid oxygen carrier, 15 wt% Ag supported on SrFeO3. Ethylene reacted with a bed of carrier particles, without any O2(g) in the feed, to produce ethylene oxide (EO) and CO2. Following the reduction by the C2H4 of the SrFeO3, it was regenerated by passing air through the bed. The rate of reoxidation was slow, with full regeneration being achieved only by prolonged oxidation at elevated temperatures. A striking synergy between Ag and SrFeO3 was observed solely when they were in intimate contact, suggesting a basis for a proposed reaction mechanism
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