Severe infant anemia and severe neutropenia by prophylactic cotrimoxazole exposure.

<p>Analysis restricted to severe anemia or neutropenia (grade 3 or 4) detected at scheduled measurements at 3 and/or 6 months of age in HIV-exposed uninfected infants in the CTX, Mashi, and Mma Bana cohorts.</p><p>Note: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.</p>a<p>Mantel-Haenszel methodology.</p>b<p>Exact Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel.</p

Enrollment and follow-up of study infants.

<p>HIV-uninfected infants in the Mashi and Mma Bana trials did not receive cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and serve as a comparison group to the new cohort (CTX) that received cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. CTX, cotrimoxazole; 1 mo., one month; FF, formula-fed; BF, breastfed.</p

Schematic of infant exposures in study cohorts.

<p>ZDV, zidovudine; supp., supplementation; CTX, cotrimoxazole; HAART, highly-active antiretroviral therapy; mo., month. ^aHAART became available through a national program in October 2002, subsequently women in Mashi trial with CD4≤200 cells/ µL were offered HAART.^bInfants in the Mma Bana trial received 1 month of ZDV and breastfed infants in the Mashi trial received 6 months of ZDV.^cNineteen mothers (9.1%) in CTX cohort received non-ZDV-containing HAART.</p

Cohort characteristics of HIV-exposed uninfected infants alive through 30 days of age.

<p>Note: CTX, cotrimoxazole; IQR, interquartile range.</p

HIV prevalence and change in incidence for leading cancers.

<p>Note: IP, inverse probability; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval</p><p>^a Quadratic term was significant for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among HIV-infected individuals—4.5% (95%CI -10.1 to 23.9%) per year and -9.45% (95%CI -19.5 to -1.2%) per year².</p><p>HIV prevalence and change in incidence for leading cancers.</p

Factors associated with severe anemia and severe neutropenia among HIV-exposed, uninfected infants.

<p>Prophylactic cotrimoxazole, maternal antenatal HAART use, and infant feeding method are included in the multivariable model, as are other significant factors from the univariate analysis.</p><p>OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HAART, highly-active antiretroviral therapy.</p>a<p>Wald chi-square.</p>b<p>To avoid confounding effect of infant feeding method, univariate estimate for effect of cotrimoxazole is restricted to formula-fed infants. Multivariable analysis includes both formula-fed and breastfed infants.</p>c<p>A modest but significant interaction was noted between feeding method and maternal HAART with increased risk of severe neutropenia associated with breastfeeding from a mother receiving HAART. However, in multivariable analysis this interaction was no longer significant.</p

HIV prevalence and change in incidence for leading cancers.

<p>Note: IP, inverse probability; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval</p><p>^a Quadratic term was significant for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among HIV-infected individuals—4.5% (95%CI -10.1 to 23.9%) per year and -9.45% (95%CI -19.5 to -1.2%) per year².</p><p>HIV prevalence and change in incidence for leading cancers.</p

ART treatment coverage and median CD4 at ART initiation during the study period.

<p>Note: ART, combination antiretroviral therapy.</p

Annual number of cancer diagnoses among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected in Botswana.

<p>Analyses used the IPW population.</p

Overall cancer age-adjusted incidence among HIV-infected (solid) and HIV-uninfected (dotted) individuals.

<p>Analyses utilized the IPW population.</p