WHEN PRINCIPLED REPRESENTATION TESTS ANTIDISCRIMINATION LAW

The decision in Stropnicky v. Nathanson completely disregarded the professional and personal considerations that drive the attorney’s decision whether or not to accept a case, focusing exclusively on societal concerns with eliminating discrimination. In doing so, it overlooked a long-lived deference accorded attorneys in the decision of whether to accept or decline a client’s case and the legitimate rationale underlying such deference. In deciding Stropnicky, a case of first impression in Massachusetts, the Commission entered a growing debate on whether lawyers and law firms are subject to public accommodation laws.This article addresses how the Stropnicky decision intrudes into the important discretion historically accorded lawyers in deciding whether to represent a client. Part I of this article presents a concise review of the professional responsibility rules that pertain to the attorney’s duties and prerogatives in the selection of a client. Part II proposes an analytical framework for assessing the internal and external factors which underlie such discretion as articulated by the professional responsibility rules. Part III focuses on the ways in which laudable antidiscrimination principles may collide with the professionalism concerns that accord discretion to attorneys in deciding whether or not to represent a prospective client. Part IV applies the analytical framework set forth earlier in the article to the facts in Stropnicky. Finally, the conclusion suggests how antidiscrimination principles can coexist with ethical and professional considerations that support discretionary client selection decision-making without compromising either principle

Neural bases of phonological working memory

Phonological working memory (PWM) is the mind's capacity for maintaining and manipulating representations of the sounds important for speech when they are not actively being perceived. It is believed to be a critical component supporting typical language acquisition and vocabulary development, as well as second-language learning. Despite the success of the theoretical framework traditionally used to conceptualize PWM, consensus on its instantiation in the brain remains elusive. In this thesis, I will describe a series of studies designed to interrogate the functionality of the brain regions supporting PWM. In Chapter 1, we compare activation patterns from a canonical PWM task, nonword repetition, to nonword discrimination, a matched task designed to engage core PWM functions, but for the purpose of comparing stimuli, not repeating them. We replicate the findings that PWM during nonword repetition engages speech cortices and show that these cortical regions are also reliably engaged in nonword discrimination, in individual subjects. In Chapter 2, we directly assess the extent to which conjunctive activation between language and working memory paradigms can be interpreted as shared functionality. We find that despite the ability to localize regions in which the majority of subjects show conjunction of significant activation between tasks, the pattern similarity between tasks within those regions vary. We find no pattern similarity between language and spatial working memory, and marginal similarities between language and verbal working memory. Verbal working memory and spatial working memory conjunctions localize a similar network to the multiple demand network and find highly similar patterns of activation in these regions across working memory tasks. Finally, in Chapter 3, we investigate the functional properties of brain areas supporting PWM by comparing activation between nonword repetition, language, verbal working memory, and spatial working memory tasks. We find that PWM shares support with areas involved in spoken language perception, as well as regions engaged by working memory tasks that lie outside of the core language network. Taken together, these studies give a detailed account of the neural bases of PWM, through the lens of shared functionality between this capacity, language, and other domains of working memory

Neural correlate of the construction of sentence meaning

The neural processes that underlie your ability to read and understand this sentence are unknown. Sentence comprehension occurs very rapidly, and can only be understood at a mechanistic level by discovering the precise sequence of underlying computational and neural events. However, we have no continuous and online neural measure of sentence processing with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here we report just such a measure: intracranial recordings from the surface of the human brain show that neural activity, indexed by γ-power, increases monotonically over the course of a sentence as people read it. This steady increase in activity is absent when people read and remember nonword-lists, despite the higher cognitive demand entailed, ruling out accounts in terms of generic attention, working memory, and cognitive load. Response increases are lower for sentence structure without meaning (“Jabberwocky” sentences) and word meaning without sentence structure (word-lists), showing that this effect is not explained by responses to syntax or word meaning alone. Instead, the full effect is found only for sentences, implicating compositional processes of sentence understanding, a striking and unique feature of human language not shared with animal communication systems. This work opens up new avenues for investigating the sequence of neural events that underlie the construction of linguistic meaning.United States. National Institutes of Health (EB00856)United States. National Institutes of Health (EB006356)United States. National Institutes of Health (EB018783)United States. Army Research Office (W911NF-08-1-0216)United States. Army Research Office (W911NF-12-1-0109)United States. Army Research Office (W911NF-14-1-0440)Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.) (HD-057522

Prospectus, May 12, 1982

STUDENTS REAPPLY; News Digest; Business manager talks about plans for PC annex; President offers best to Parkland graduates; Editor, manager positions named; Scarcity of summer jobs, but situation not hopeless; Nervous about finals? Tips offered on studying; P.C. Happenings...: Tools presented to PC students, \u27College for Kids\u27 offers 20 classes, Parkland offers supplementary, Music groups to present programs; Security head enjoys PC people; Final Examinations -- Spring, 1982; Holly O\u27Donnell wins Intellectual Freedom Essay Contest: Restraint makes one appreciate freedom; How can teacher aide make a difference; Course helps improve communication skills; Don\u27t panic if IRS audits your tax bill; Mini skirts, shorts are \u27in\u27 fashion; \u27A Touch of Nature\u27: Lower photo essay wins Kennedy award; Pediatrician to talk on parenting topic; Place offers help for crisis victims; Weather perfect for Spring Out fun; Classifieds; Looking back on spring semester; Spring brings out fears as well as flowers; Hagar falls short of earlier work; Blaster\u27s first take a trip back into fifties rockabilly; Jim Carroll\u27s latest album: has he burned himself out?; Gun Club a winner of a group; Summer movies shaping up well; Editor reviews music happenings; Roadmaster draws crowd at Spring Outhttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1982/1018/thumbnail.jp

Authorsâ reply to the letter to the editor by Sabour

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147224/1/ejp1345.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147224/2/ejp1345_am.pd

Prospectus, September 13, 1978

ELECTION DAYS ARE HERE!; Students get refund from hungry Canteen machines; Recipes for college students; CPR saves lives; Advertising Policy; PC band formed; \u27Lost in a masquerade\u27 Benson creates ecstasy; Creative writers receive assistance; Health issues program new WPCD addition; Operetta to begin tomorrow; Shaker photograph exhibition; Student Elections -- Today!; Cadaver lab is added; Apathetic turnout; Poet contest sponsored; Volleyball clinic held Sept. 9; Meeting Sept. 26 for cheerleaders; WPCD\u27s Top 15 For The Week Of Sept. 11; German club to begin activities; Classifieds; Cimmeron review \u27mediocre\u27; Thought food offered for older adults; Student Activities-\u2778; Doehring keeps on truckin\u27; Coach Jim Reed gets many players; Klems wins first Freddy contest; Cooper recruits well; Williams has busy year ahead of him; Fast Freddy Contest; Cross Country Schedulehttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1978/1012/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, February 4, 1982

WE WANT YOU FOR STUGO; News In Brief; More StuGo prospects; Letters To The Editor: She thinks StuGo should attend to other problems. Thanks to former president; Exercise your right to vote; Nautical look \u27in\u27 this spring; PC Happenings…: Improve thyself, AHT offers Sweetheart raffle, Go Western in Ski Club, Managing your money; Teleview to make debut in March; Need financial aid? Here\u27s how to get it; Teleview to make debut in March; Sheriff discusses overcrowding at jail; Increased enrollment results in overcrowding; Com Club sets election; \u27Snow\u27 chance of a heat wave: Surprise storm hits area for 3rd weekend in a row!; Sunday\u27s snow nearly sets record; Not end of candy business: Chris\u27 reopening; Low-cost trips, tours offered to college students; Keeping friends is series topic; Few in Illinois have tax problems; J. Geils is back; Storm postpones athletic events; College bowling tourney held at Arrowhead; Kinks\u27 latest gives what we want; Big Daddy: rockabilly party; Rick James leads new Punk Funk wave; Something crazy was expected, but...: Ozzy pays back Champaign; This week\u27s happenings: Clubs offer local talent; Abba\u27s new album adds to their success; Reviewer enjoys brass band; \u27Dragonriders\u27 series deals in Pem fantasy; Classifieds; \u27Roots\u27 begins Feb. 9; Euchre tourney begins tonight; Skating party is Feb. 8; Top boxing prospect appearing at Danville; PC track team places in two events; Cagers keep winning streak alive with Joliet victory; Makeever leads Cobras to victory; Lady Cobras suffer defeat; Today\u27s farmer from new era; Burnham establishes scholarship; Farm technology is tapering off; Wind and cold make bitter combinationhttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1982/1030/thumbnail.jp

Resequencing Candidate Genes Implicates Rare Variants in Asthma Susceptibility

Common variation in over 100 genes has been implicated in the risk of developing asthma, but the contribution of rare variants to asthma susceptibility remains largely unexplored. We selected nine genes that showed the strongest signatures of weak purifying selection from among 53 candidate asthma-associated genes, and we sequenced the coding exons and flanking noncoding regions in 450 asthmatic cases and 515 nonasthmatic controls. We observed an overall excess of p values <0.05 (p = 0.02), and rare variants in four genes (AGT, DPP10, IKBKAP, and IL12RB1) contributed to asthma susceptibility among African Americans. Rare variants in IL12RB1 were also associated with asthma susceptibility among European Americans, despite the fact that the majority of rare variants in IL12RB1 were specific to either one of the populations. The combined evidence of association with rare noncoding variants in IL12RB1 remained significant (p = 3.7 × 10−4) after correcting for multiple testing. Overall, the contribution of rare variants to asthma susceptibility was predominantly due to noncoding variants in sequences flanking the exons, although nonsynonymous rare variants in DPP10 and in IL12RB1 were associated with asthma in African Americans and European Americans, respectively. This study provides evidence that rare variants contribute to asthma susceptibility. Additional studies are required for testing whether prioritizing genes for resequencing on the basis of signatures of purifying selection is an efficient means of identifying novel rare variants that contribute to complex disease

Rucaparib maintenance treatment for recurrent ovarian carcinoma after response to platinum therapy (ARIEL3): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

Background: Rucaparib, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, has anticancer activity in recurrent ovarian carcinoma harbouring a BRCA mutation or high percentage of genome-wide loss of heterozygosity. In this trial we assessed rucaparib versus placebo after response to second-line or later platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with high-grade, recurrent, platinum-sensitive ovarian carcinoma. Methods: In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we recruited patients from 87 hospitals and cancer centres across 11 countries. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older, had a platinum-sensitive, high-grade serous or endometrioid ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube carcinoma, had received at least two previous platinum-based chemotherapy regimens, had achieved complete or partial response to their last platinum-based regimen, had a cancer antigen 125 concentration of less than the upper limit of normal, had a performance status of 0–1, and had adequate organ function. Patients were ineligible if they had symptomatic or untreated central nervous system metastases, had received anticancer therapy 14 days or fewer before starting the study, or had received previous treatment with a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor. We randomly allocated patients 2:1 to receive oral rucaparib 600 mg twice daily or placebo in 28 day cycles using a computer-generated sequence (block size of six, stratified by homologous recombination repair gene mutation status, progression-free interval after the penultimate platinum-based regimen, and best response to the most recent platinum-based regimen). Patients, investigators, site staff, assessors, and the funder were masked to assignments. The primary outcome was investigator-assessed progression-free survival evaluated with use of an ordered step-down procedure for three nested cohorts: patients with BRCA mutations (carcinoma associated with deleterious germline or somatic BRCA mutations), patients with homologous recombination deficiencies (BRCA mutant or BRCA wild-type and high loss of heterozygosity), and the intention-to-treat population, assessed at screening and every 12 weeks thereafter. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01968213; enrolment is complete. Findings: Between April 7, 2014, and July 19, 2016, we randomly allocated 564 patients: 375 (66%) to rucaparib and 189 (34%) to placebo. Median progression-free survival in patients with a BRCA-mutant carcinoma was 16·6 months (95% CI 13·4–22·9; 130 [35%] patients) in the rucaparib group versus 5·4 months (3·4–6·7; 66 [35%] patients) in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·23 [95% CI 0·16–0·34]; p&lt;0·0001). In patients with a homologous recombination deficient carcinoma (236 [63%] vs 118 [62%]), it was 13·6 months (10·9–16·2) versus 5·4 months (5·1–5·6; 0·32 [0·24–0·42]; p&lt;0·0001). In the intention-to-treat population, it was 10·8 months (8·3–11·4) versus 5·4 months (5·3–5·5; 0·36 [0·30–0·45]; p&lt;0·0001). Treatment-emergent adverse events of grade 3 or higher in the safety population (372 [99%] patients in the rucaparib group vs 189 [100%] in the placebo group) were reported in 209 (56%) patients in the rucaparib group versus 28 (15%) in the placebo group, the most common of which were anaemia or decreased haemoglobin concentration (70 [19%] vs one [1%]) and increased alanine or aspartate aminotransferase concentration (39 [10%] vs none). Interpretation: Across all primary analysis groups, rucaparib significantly improved progression-free survival in patients with platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer who had achieved a response to platinum-based chemotherapy. ARIEL3 provides further evidence that use of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor in the maintenance treatment setting versus placebo could be considered a new standard of care for women with platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer following a complete or partial response to second-line or later platinum-based chemotherapy. Funding: Clovis Oncology

The FaceBase Consortium: A comprehensive program to facilitate craniofacial research

The FaceBase Consortium consists of ten interlinked research and technology projects whose goal is to generate craniofacial research data and technology for use by the research community through a central data management and integrated bioinformatics hub. Funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) and currently focused on studying the development of the middle region of the face, the Consortium will produce comprehensive datasets of global gene expression patterns, regulatory elements and sequencing; will generate anatomical and molecular atlases; will provide human normative facial data and other phenotypes; conduct follow up studies of a completed genome-wide association study; generate independent data on the genetics of craniofacial development, build repositories of animal models and of human samples and data for community access and analysis; and will develop software tools and animal models for analyzing and functionally testing and integrating these data. The FaceBase website (http://www.facebase.org) will serve as a web home for these efforts, providing interactive tools for exploring these datasets, together with discussion forums and other services to support and foster collaboration within the craniofacial research community