4,198 research outputs found
The Origin of Double-peaked Narrow Lines in Active Galactic Nuclei. IV. Association with Galaxy Mergers
Double-peaked narrow emission lines in active galactic nucleus (AGN) spectra
can be produced by AGN outflows, rotation, or dual AGNs, which are AGN pairs in
ongoing galaxy mergers. Consequently, double-peaked narrow AGN emission lines
are useful tracers of the coevolution of galaxies and their supermassive black
holes, as driven by AGN feedback and AGN fueling. We investigate this concept
further with follow-up optical longslit observations of a sample of 95 Sloan
Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) galaxies that have double-peaked narrow AGN emission
lines. Based on a kinematic analysis of the longslit spectra, we confirm
previous work that finds that the majority of double-peaked narrow AGN emission
lines are associated with outflows. We also find that eight of the galaxies
have companion galaxies with line-of-sight velocity separations < 500 km/s and
physical separations <30 kpc. Since we find evidence of AGNs in both galaxies,
all eight of these systems are compelling dual AGN candidates. Galaxies with
double-peaked narrow AGN emission lines occur in such galaxy mergers at least
twice as often as typical active galaxies. Finally, we conclude that at least
3% of SDSS galaxies with double-peaked narrow AGN emission lines are found in
galaxy mergers where both galaxies are resolved in SDSS imaging.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures, ApJ in pres
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A multi-modal data resource for investigating topographic heterogeneity in patient-derived xenograft tumors.
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are an essential pre-clinical resource for investigating tumor biology. However, cellular heterogeneity within and across PDX tumors can strongly impact the interpretation of PDX studies. Here, we generated a multi-modal, large-scale dataset to investigate PDX heterogeneity in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) across tumor models, spatial scales and genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and imaging assay modalities. To showcase this dataset, we present analysis to assess sources of PDX variation, including anatomical orientation within the implanted tumor, mouse contribution, and differences between replicate PDX tumors. A unique aspect of our dataset is deep characterization of intra-tumor heterogeneity via immunofluorescence imaging, which enables investigation of variation across multiple spatial scales, from subcellular to whole tumor levels. Our study provides a benchmark data resource to investigate PDX models of metastatic CRC and serves as a template for future, quantitative investigations of spatial heterogeneity within and across PDX tumor models
Longitudinal analysis of the developing rhesus monkey brain using magnetic resonance imaging: birth to adulthood.
We have longitudinally assessed normative brain growth patterns in naturalistically reared Macaca mulatta monkeys. Postnatal to early adulthood brain development in two cohorts of rhesus monkeys was analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging. Cohort A consisted of 24 rhesus monkeys (12 male, 12 female) and cohort B of 21 monkeys (11 male, 10 female). All subjects were scanned at 1, 4, 8, 13, 26, 39, and 52 weeks; cohort A had additional scans at 156 weeks (3 years) and 260 weeks (5 years). Age-specific segmentation templates were developed for automated volumetric analyses of the T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans. Trajectories of total brain size as well as cerebral and subcortical subdivisions were evaluated over this period. Total brain volume was about 64 % of adult estimates in the 1-week-old monkey. Brain volume of the male subjects was always, on average, larger than the female subjects. While brain volume generally increased between any two imaging time points, there was a transient plateau of brain growth between 26 and 39 weeks in both cohorts of monkeys. The trajectory of enlargement differed across cortical regions with the occipital cortex demonstrating the most idiosyncratic pattern of maturation and the frontal and temporal lobes showing the greatest and most protracted growth. A variety of allometric measurements were also acquired and body weight gain was most closely associated with the rate of brain growth. These findings provide a valuable baseline for the effects of fetal and early postnatal manipulations on the pattern of abnormal brain growth related to neurodevelopmental disorders
Cerebral Amyloid and Hypertension are Independently Associated with White Matter Lesions in Elderly.
In cognitively normal (CN) elderly individuals, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are commonly viewed as a marker of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). SVD is due to exposure to systemic vascular injury processes associated with highly prevalent vascular risk factors (VRFs) such as hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes. However, cerebral amyloid accumulation is also prevalent in this population and is associated with WMH accrual. Therefore, we examined the independent associations of amyloid burden and VRFs with WMH burden in CN elderly individuals with low to moderate vascular risk. Participants (n = 150) in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) received fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI at study entry. Total WMH volume was calculated from FLAIR images co-registered with structural MRI. Amyloid burden was determined by cerebrospinal fluid Aβ1-42 levels. Clinical histories of VRFs, as well as current measurements of vascular status, were recorded during a baseline clinical evaluation. We tested ridge regression models for independent associations and interactions of elevated blood pressure (BP) and amyloid to total WMH volume. We found that greater amyloid burden and a clinical history of hypertension were independently associated with greater WMH volume. In addition, elevated BP modified the association between amyloid and WMH, such that those with either current or past evidence of elevated BP had greater WMH volumes at a given burden of amyloid. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cerebral amyloid accumulation and VRFs are independently associated with clinically latent white matter damage represented by WMHs. The potential contribution of amyloid to WMHs should be further explored, even among elderly individuals without cognitive impairment and with limited VRF exposure
Kiloparsec-scale Spatial Offsets in Double-peaked Narrow-line Active Galactic Nuclei. I. Markers for Selection of Compelling Dual Active Galactic Nucleus Candidates
Merger-remnant galaxies with kpc-scale separation dual active galactic nuclei
(AGNs) should be widespread as a consequence of galaxy mergers and triggered
gas accretion onto supermassive black holes, yet very few dual AGNs have been
observed. Galaxies with double-peaked narrow AGN emission lines in the Sloan
Digital Sky Survey are plausible dual AGN candidates, but their double-peaked
profiles could also be the result of gas kinematics or AGN-driven outflows and
jets on small or large scales. To help distinguish between these scenarios, we
have obtained spatial profiles of the AGN emission via follow-up long-slit
spectroscopy of 81 double-peaked narrow-line AGNs in SDSS at 0.03 < z < 0.36
using Lick, Palomar, and MMT Observatories. We find that all 81 systems exhibit
double AGN emission components with ~kpc projected spatial separations on the
sky, which suggests that they are produced by kpc-scale dual AGNs or kpc-scale
outflows, jets, or rotating gaseous disks. In addition, we find that the
subsample (58%) of the objects with spatially compact emission components may
be preferentially produced by dual AGNs, while the subsample (42%) with
spatially extended emission components may be preferentially produced by AGN
outflows. We also find that for 32% of the sample the two AGN emission
components are preferentially aligned with the host galaxy major axis, as
expected for dual AGNs orbiting in the host galaxy potential. Our results both
narrow the list of possible physical mechanisms producing the double AGN
components, and suggest several observational criteria for selecting the most
promising dual AGN candidates from the full sample of double-peaked narrow-line
AGNs. Using these criteria, we determine the 17 most compelling dual AGN
candidates in our sample.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, published in ApJ. Modified from original version
to reflect referee's comment
MEMS practice, from the lab to the telescope
Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology can provide for deformable
mirrors (DMs) with excellent performance within a favorable economy of scale.
Large MEMS-based astronomical adaptive optics (AO) systems such as the Gemini
Planet Imager are coming on-line soon. As MEMS DM end-users, we discuss our
decade of practice with the micromirrors, from inspecting and characterizing
devices to evaluating their performance in the lab. We also show MEMS wavefront
correction on-sky with the "Villages" AO system on a 1-m telescope, including
open-loop control and visible-light imaging. Our work demonstrates the maturity
of MEMS technology for astronomical adaptive optics.Comment: 14 pages, 15 figures, Invited Paper, SPIE Photonics West 201
Feather development genes and associated regulatory innovation predate the origin of Dinosauria
The evolution of avian feathers have recently been illuminated by fossils and the identification of genes involved in feather patterning and morphogenesis. However, molecular studies have focused mainly on protein-coding genes. Using comparative genomics and more than 600,000 conserved regulatory elements, we show that patterns of genome evolution in the vicinity of feather genes are consistent with a major role for regulatory innovation in the evolution of feathers. Rates of innovation at feather regulatory elements exhibit an extended period of innovation with peaks in the ancestors of amniotes and archosaurs. We estimate that 86% of such regulatory elements were present prior to the origin of Dinosauria. On the branch leading to modern birds, we detect a strong signal of regulatory innovation near IGFBP2 and IGFBP5, which have roles in body size reduction, and may represent a genomic signature for the miniaturization of dinosaurian body size preceding the origin of flight.Organismic and Evolutionary Biolog
PEPFAR Public Health Evaluation - Care and Support - Phase 2 Uganda
Phase 2 consisted of a longitudinal cohort study to measure patient-reported outcomes of care and support, a costing survey, and qualitative interviews to understand patient and carer experiences
PEPFAR Public Health Evaluation - Care and Support - Phase 2 Kenya
Phase 2 consisted of a longitudinal cohort study to measure patient-reported outcomes of care and support, a costing survey, and qualitative interviews to understand patient and carer experiences
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Testing the current paradigm for space weather prediction with heliospheric imagers
Predictions of the arrival of four coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in geospace are produced through use of three CME geometric models combined with CME drag modeling, constraining these models with the available Coronagraph and Heliospheric Imager data. The efficacy of these predications is assessed by comparison with the Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) numerical MHD forecasts of these same events. It is found that such a prediction technique cannot outperform the standard SWPC forecast at a statistically meaningful level. We test the Harmonic Mean, Self-Similar Expansion, and Ellipse Evolution geometric models, and find that, for these events at least, the differences between the models are smaller than the observational errors. We present a new method of characterizing CME fronts in the Heliospheric Imager field of view, utilizing the analysis of citizen scientists working with the Solar Stormwatch project, and we demonstrate that this provides a more accurate representation of the CME front than is obtained by experts analyzing elongation time maps for the studied events. Comparison of the CME kinematics estimated independently from the STEREO-A and STEREO-B Heliospheric Imager data reveals inconsistencies that cannot be explained within the observational errors and model assumptions. We argue that these observations imply that the assumptions of the CME geometric models are routinely invalidated and question their utility in a space weather forecasting context. These results argue for the continuing development of more advanced techniques to better exploit the Heliospheric Imager observations for space weather forecasting
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