La spirale dédoublée et l'identité nationale. L'art abstrait traditionnel maori a-t-il une signification ?

La spirale dédoublée et l'identité nationaleL'art abstrait traditionnel maori a-t-il une signification ?La spirale dédoublée est un motif " décoratif ". Du point de vue esthetique, elle relève de l'art abstrait. Cet article s'interroge sur les manières maoris de donner un sens à ces images. Six types de codes font l'objet de l'analyse : a) les codes de classification sociale ; b) les codes des parties du corps tatouées de diverses figures ; c) les codes de proverbes et d'anecdotes historiques qui lient chaque figure à un message verbal particulier ; d) les codes physiologiques, surtout en rapport avec les expressions faciales, de manière à lier la figure à une gamme d'expressions faciales ; e) les codes historiques où le message verbal transmet la succession des cultes millénaristes de la Nouvelle-Zélande contemporaine ; f ) les systèmes de transformation historique de l'image même qui devient plurivoque sur le plan de l'expression, s'insérant à la fois dans un style occidental contemporain et dans un style maori.The Double Spiral and the National IdentityDoes the Maori Traditional Abstract Art Hâve a Meaning ?How do the Maori of New Zealand give meaning to motifs like the double spiral classified by westerners either as 'décorative' or as 'abstract art' ? Six codes or styles are considered hère : a) codes of social classification, b) codes of tattooed body parts, c) verbal codes (proverbs, anecdotes, myths) linking each figure to a particular message, d) physiological codes, linking the figure to a range of alternative facial expressions, e) historical transformations of the verbal codes, especially as allusions to millenarian movements, f) historical transformations of the image codes, rendering them stylistically multivocal as they are relatable both to western contemporary and to identifiably maori styles

Le don en Mélanésie et chez nous. Les contradictions irréductibles

Le don en Mélanésie et chez nous Les contradictions irréductiblesLe modèle du don, présenté par Godbout et Caillé, ne rend pas compte de certaines qualités importantes du don en Mélanésie, où les « dons libres » jouent un rôle plutôt mineur, notamment ceux destinés aux personnes non locales, étrangères; où l'on remettrait rarement en question la grande valeur morale du don équilibré; où les relations avec les animaux, les plantes, le paysage occupent une place importante dans le système du don; où les dons sexués, masculins et féminins, forment un tout bien équilibré. Après avoir évoqué brièvement les théories de Mali-nowski et de Mauss, l'article présente phis en détail les critiques qu'elles ont provoquées depuis les années 1970, des points de vue du marxisme, de l'opérationnalisme, du féminisme, de la phénoménologie et de diverses tendances postmodernes. Cette analyse fait ressortir plus clairement la grande distance entre les modèles mélanésien et judéo-chrétien du don. Finalement, l'article démontre que dans le Québec contemporain, le modèle chrétien du don ne rend pas compte de tous les phénomènes, mais qu'on retrouve ici quelques tendances importantes, omises dans l'analyse de Godbout, qui s'expliquent plus facilement par un modèle de type mélanésien.The Gift in Melanesia and in Québec Basic ContradictionsGodbout and Caillé's model of the gift does not take account of some important properties of " the gift " in Melanesia, where " free gifts " tend to be rare, especially those presented to non-locals and strangers; where the high moral value of balancing gifts would rarely be questioned; where relations with animals, plants, landscape make up an important part of the system ofthe gift; where gendered gifts, masculine and feminine, form a well-balanced whole. After referring briefry to the theories of Malinowski and Mauss, the article presents in more detail the criticisms heaped upon them in thé 1970's and after, from the viewpoints of marxism, operationalism, feminism, phenomenology and diverse postmodem trends. This analysis brings out more clearly the vast difTerence between Melanesian and Judaeo-Christian models of thé gift. In conclusion, the article shows that the Christian model of thé gift does not account for ail the facts observable in Québec today. These facts reveal major tendencies left out of Godbout's analysis and suggest explanations closer to a model of the Melanesian type

Discovery of diverse and functional antibodies from large human repertoire antibody libraries

AbstractPhage display antibody libraries have a proven track record for the discovery of therapeutic human antibodies, increasing the demand for large and diverse phage antibody libraries for the discovery of new therapeutics. We have constructed naïve antibody phage display libraries in both Fab and scFv formats, with each library having more than 250billion clones that encompass the human antibody repertoire. These libraries show high fidelity in open reading frame and expression percentages, and their V-gene family distribution, VH-CDR3 length and amino acid usage mirror the natural diversity of human antibodies. Both the Fab and scFv libraries show robust sequence diversity in target-specific binders and differential V-gene usage for each target tested, supporting the use of libraries that utilize multiple display formats and V-gene utilization to maximize antibody-binding diversity. For each of the targets, clones with picomolar affinities were identified from at least one of the libraries and for the two targets assessed for activity, functional antibodies were identified from both libraries

Safety and immunogenicity of the two-dose heterologous Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccine regimen in infants: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled trial in Guinea and Sierra Leone.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo Ebola virus (EBOV) vaccine regimen in infants aged 4-11 months in Guinea and Sierra Leone. METHODS: In this phase 2, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled trial, we randomly assigned healthy infants (1:1 in a sentinel cohort, 5:2 for the remaining infants via an interactive web response system) to receive Ad26.ZEBOV followed by MVA-BN-Filo (Ebola vaccine group) or two doses of meningococcal quadrivalent conjugate vaccine (control group) administered 56 days apart. Infants were recruited at two sites in west Africa: Conakry, Guinea, and Kambia, Sierra Leone. All infants received the meningococcal vaccine 8 months after being randomly assigned. The primary objective was safety. The secondary objective was immunogenicity, measured as EBOV glycoprotein-binding antibody concentration 21 days post-dose 2, using the Filovirus Animal Non-Clinical Group ELISA. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03929757) and the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR201905827924069). FINDINGS: From Aug 20 to Nov 29, 2019, 142 infants were screened and 108 were randomly assigned (Ebola vaccine n=75; control n=33). The most common solicited local adverse event was injection-site pain (Ebola vaccine 15 [20%] of 75; control four [12%] of 33). The most common solicited systemic adverse events with the Ebola vaccine were irritability (26 [35%] of 75), decreased appetite (18 [24%] of 75), pyrexia (16 [21%] of 75), and decreased activity (15 [20%] of 75). In the control group, ten (30%) of 33 had irritability, seven (21%) of 33 had decreased appetite, three (9%) of 33 had pyrexia, and five (15%) of 33 had decreased activity. The frequency of unsolicited adverse events was 83% (62 of 75 infants) in the Ebola vaccine group and 85% (28 of 33 infants) in the control group. No serious adverse events were vaccine-related. In the Ebola vaccine group, EBOV glycoprotein-binding antibody geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) at 21 days post-dose 2 were 27 700 ELISA units (EU)/mL (95% CI 20 477-37 470) in infants aged 4-8 months and 20 481 EU/mL (15 325-27 372) in infants aged 9-11 months. The responder rate was 100% (74 of 74 responded). In the control group, GMCs for both age groups were less than the lower limit of quantification and the responder rate was 3% (one of 33 responded). INTERPRETATION: Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo was well tolerated and induced strong humoral responses in infants younger than 1 year. There were no safety concerns related to vaccination. FUNDING: Janssen Vaccines & Prevention and Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking. TRANSLATION: For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section