On the definition and practical use of crystal-based azimuthal angles

A diffractometer‐independent definition of the azimuthal angle ψ of a Bragg reflection is proposed. After completion of intensity measurement, instrument‐dependent and partly redundant quantities such as orientation matrix and setting angles may be replaced by ψ, values without loss of information. Data‐treatment software, such as absorption‐ and anisotropic extinction‐correction programs, become instrument independent and completely general. Formulae are given to compute ψ for equatorial and non‐equatorial diffraction geometries

In Their Own Hands: Young People and Self-Justice Retaliation in Germany

Strong and viable modern states have limited the use of private force to narrowly-defined situations of self-defense. Yet, evidence from crime surveys shows that a significant proportion of violent and property crimes is not reported to police. Instead of calling the police, people either take no action or employ a variety of mechanisms, including retaliation, to settle disputes. Drawing on data from a survey of 2,921 young people in two German cities, we investigate the propensity of adolescents to resort to self-justice retaliation. The results show widespread propensity to engage in retaliatory actions, particularly among adolescent males of low socio-economic status. Further, attitudes to the police, unsupervised routine activities, and delinquency-related variables were the most influential correlates of propensity to engage in retaliatory actions. </jats:p