13 research outputs found
Fragile detection of solar g modes by Fossat et al
The internal gravity modes of the Sun are notoriously difficult to detect,
and the claimed detection of gravity modes presented in Fossat et al. 2017 is
thus very exciting. Given the importance of these modes for understanding solar
structure and dynamics, the results must be robust. While Fossat et al. 2017
described their method and parameter choices in detail, the sensitivity of
their results to several parameters were not presented. Therefore, we test the
sensitivity to a selection of them. The most concerning result is that the
detection vanishes when we adjust the start time of the 16.5 year velocity time
series by a few hours. We conclude that this reported detection of gravity
modes is extremely fragile and should be treated with utmost caution.Comment: 15 pages, 11 Figure
Time--distance inversions for horizontal and vertical flows on supergranular scales applied to MDI and HMI data
We study the possibility of consistent extension of MDI full-disc
helioseismic campaigns with the growing data set of HMI observations. To do so,
we down-sample and filter the HMI Dopplegrams so that the resulting spatial
power spectrum is similar to the spatial power spectrum of MDI full-disc
Dopplergrams. The set of co-spatial and co-temporal datacube pairs from both
instruments containing no missing and no bad frames were processed using the
same codes and inverted independently for all three components of the plasma
flow in the near surface layers. The results from the two instruments are
highly correlated, however systematically larger (by ~20%) flow magnitudes are
derived from HMI. We comment that this may be an effect of the different
formation depth of the Doppler signalComment: 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted in Journal of Physics: Conference Serie
HELAS Local Helioseismology Activities
The main goals of the HELAS local helioseismology network activity are to
consolidate this field of research in Europe, to organise scientific workshops,
and to facilitate the distribution of observations and data analysis software.
Most of this is currently accomplished via a dedicated website at
http://www.mps.mpg.de/projects/seismo/NA4/ . In this paper we list the outreach
material, observational data, analysis tools and modelling tools currently
available from the website and describe the focus of the scientific workshops
and their proceedings.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure
Average motion of emerging solar active region polarities I: Two phases of emergence
Our goal is to constrain models of active region formation by tracking the
average motion of active region polarity pairs as they emerge onto the surface.
We measured the motion of the two main opposite polarities in 153 emerging
active regions (EARs) using line-of-sight magnetic field observations from the
Solar Dynamics Observatory Helioseismic Emerging Active Region (SDO/HEAR)
survey (Schunker et al. 2016). We first measured the position of each of the
polarities eight hours after emergence and tracked their location forwards and
backwards in time. We find that, on average, the polarities emerge with an
east-west orientation and the separation speed between the polarities
increases. At about 0.1 days after emergence, the average separation speed
reaches a peak value of 229 +/- 11 m/s, and then starts to decrease, and about
2.5 days after emergence the polarities stop separating. We also find that the
separation and the separation speed in the east-west direction are
systematically larger for active regions with higher flux. Our results reveal
two phases of the emergence process defined by the rate of change of the
separation speed as the polarities move apart. Phase 1 begins when the opposite
polarity pairs first appear at the surface, with an east-west alignment and an
increasing separation speed. We define Phase 2 to begin when the separation
speed starts to decrease, and ends when the polarities have stopped separating.
This is consistent with the picture of Chen, Rempel, & Fan (2017): the peak of
a flux tube breaks through the surface during Phase 1. During Phase 2 the
magnetic field lines are straightened by magnetic tension, so that the
polarities continue to move apart, until they eventually lie directly above
their anchored subsurface footpoints.Comment: accepted A&
Helioseismology of sunspots: how sensitive are travel times to the Wilson depression and to the subsurface magnetic field?
In order to assess the ability of helioseismology to probe the subsurface
structure and magnetic field of sunspots, we need to determine how helioseismic
travel times depend on perturbations to sunspot models. Here we numerically
simulate the propagation of f, p1, and p2 wave packets through magnetic sunspot
models. Among the models we considered, a ~50 km change in the height of the
Wilson depression and a change in the subsurface magnetic field geometry can
both be detected above the observational noise level. We also find that the
travel-time shifts due to changes in a sunspot model must be modeled by
computing the effects of changing the reference sunspot model, and not by
computing the effects of changing the subsurface structure in the quiet-Sun
model. For p1 modes the latter is wrong by a factor of four. In conclusion,
numerical modeling of MHD wave propagation is an essential tool for the
interpretation of the effects of sunspots on seismic waveforms.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures: submitted to A&
Application and interpretation of deep learning for identifying pre-emergence magnetic-field patterns
Magnetic flux generated within the solar interior emerges to the surface,
forming active regions (ARs) and sunspots. Flux emergence may trigger explosive
events, such as flares and coronal mass ejections and therefore understanding
emergence is useful for space-weather forecasting. Evidence of any
pre-emergence signatures will also shed light on sub-surface processes
responsible for emergence. In this paper, we present a first analysis of
emerging ARs from the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic Emerging Active
Regions (SDO/HEAR) dataset (Schunker et al. 2016) using deep convolutional
neural networks (CNN) to characterize pre-emergence surface magnetic-field
properties. The trained CNN classifies between pre-emergence (PE) line-of-sight
magnetograms and a control set of non-emergence (NE) magnetograms with a True
Skill Statistic (TSS) score of ~85%, 3h prior to emergence and ~40\%, 24h prior
to emergence. Our results are better than a baseline classification TSS
obtained using discriminant analysis of only the unsigned magnetic flux. We
develop a network pruning algorithm to interpret the trained CNN and show that
the CNN incorporates filters that respond positively as well as negatively to
the unsigned magnetic flux of the magnetograms. Using synthetic magnetograms,
we demonstrate that the CNN output is sensitive to the length-scale of the
magnetic regions with small-scale and intense fields producing maximum CNN
output and possibly a characteristic pre-emergence pattern. Given increasing
popularity of deep learning, techniques developed here for interpretation of
the trained CNN -- using network pruning and synthetic data -- are relevant for
future applications in solar and astrophysical data analysis.Comment: 24 pages, 24 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Average motion of emerging solar active region polarities II: Joy's law
The tilt of solar active regions described by Joy's law is essential for
converting a toroidal field to a poloidal field in Babcock-Leighton dynamo
models. In thin flux tube models the Coriolis force causes Joy's law, acting on
east-west flows as they rise towards the surface. Our goal is to measure the
evolution of the average tilt angle of hundreds of active regions as they
emerge, so that we can constrain the origins of Joy's law. We measured the tilt
angle of the primary bipoles in 153 emerging active regions in the Solar
Dynamics Observatory Helioseismic Emerging Active Region survey. We used
line-of-sight magnetic field measurements averaged over 6 hours to define the
polarities and measure the tilt angle up to four days after emergence. We find
that at the time of emergence the polarities are on average aligned east-west,
and that neither the separation nor the tilt depends on latitude. We do find,
however, that ARs at higher latitudes have a faster north-south separation
speed than those closer to the equator at the emergence time. After emergence,
the tilt angle increases and Joy's law is evident about two days later. The
scatter in the tilt angle is independent of flux until about one day after
emergence, when higher-flux regions have a smaller scatter in tilt angle than
lower-flux regions. Our finding that active regions emerge with an east-west
alignment is surprising since thin flux tube models predict that tilt angles of
rising flux tubes are generated below the surface. Previously reported tilt
angle relaxation of deeply anchored flux tubes can be largely explained by the
change in east-west separation. We conclude that Joy's law is caused by an
inherent north-south separation speed present when the flux first reaches the
surface, and that the scatter in the tilt angle is consistent with buffeting of
the polarities by supergranulation.Comment: accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysic
Understanding Active Region Origins and Emergence on the Sun and Other Cool Stars
International audienceThe emergence of active regions on the Sun is an integral feature of the solar dynamo mechanism. However, details about the generation of active-region-scale magnetism and the journey of this magnetic flux from the interior to the photosphere are still in question. Shifting paradigms are now developing for the source depth of the Sun's large-scale magnetism, the organization of this magnetism into fibril flux tubes, and the role of convection in shaping active-region observables. Here we review the landscape of flux emergence theories and simulations, highlight the role flux emergence plays in the global dynamo process, and make connections between flux emergence on the Sun and other cool stars. As longer-term and higher fidelity observations of both solar active regions and their associated flows are amassed, it is now possible to place new constraints on models of emerging flux. We discuss the outcomes of statistical studies which provide observational evidence that flux emergence may be a more passive process (at least in the upper convection zone); dominated to a greater extent by the influence of convection and to a lesser extent by buoyancy and the Coriolis force acting on rising magnetic flux tubes than previously thought. We also discuss how the relationship between stellar rotation, fractional convection zone depth, and magnetic activity on other stars can help us better understand the flux emergence processes. Looking forward, we identify open questions regarding magnetic flux emergence that we anticipate can be addressed in the next decade with further observations and simulations
The Evolution of Rotation and Magnetic Activity in 94 Aqr Aa from Asteroseismology with TESS
International audienceMost previous efforts to calibrate how rotation and magnetic activity depend on stellar age and mass have relied on observations of clusters, where isochrones from stellar evolution models are used to determine the properties of the ensemble. Asteroseismology employs similar models to measure the properties of an individual star by matching its normal modes of oscillation, yielding the stellar age and mass with high precision. We use 27 days of photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite to characterize solar-like oscillations in the G8 subgiant of the 94 Aqr triple system. The resulting stellar properties, when combined with a reanalysis of 35 yr of activity measurements from the Mount Wilson HK project, allow us to probe the evolution of rotation and magnetic activity in the system. The asteroseismic age of the subgiant agrees with a stellar isochrone fit, but the rotation period is much shorter than expected from standard models of angular momentum evolution. We conclude that weakened magnetic braking may be needed to reproduce the stellar properties, and that evolved subgiants in the hydrogen shell-burning phase can reinvigorate large-scale dynamo action and briefly sustain magnetic activity cycles before ascending the red giant branch