Better to ask online when it concerns intimate relationships? Survey mode differences in the assessment of relationship quality

Background: The assessment of relationship quality is a key construct in family research and relies on several indicators. As answer behavior for sensitive and subjective questions can be biased by the interview situation, the emerging switch from face-to-face mode to web or mixed mode in surveys challenges the comparability of measurements. Objective: This study investigates the impact of two modes of data collection - face-to-face mode and web mode - on central measurements of relationship quality in quantitative family research. Methods: In a German experimental pilot study (2018) within the Generations and Gender Programme, target persons were randomly assigned to face-to-face or online interviews. Mode differences are assessed by comparing distributions for various indicators of relationship quality. To adjust for confounders, post-stratification weighting and multivariate regression analysis are applied. Results: Findings reveal consistent mode effects for almost all indicators of relationship quality even after adjusting for confounders. Respondents in web mode assess their relationship quality substantially lower than respondents in face-to-face mode, thinking more often about breaking up and reporting lower satisfaction and more conflicts. Conclusions: Web mode seems to support less socially desirable reflections on respondents' relationships compared to face-to-face mode. Family researchers should consider survey design decisions when evaluating intimate relationships, particularly in longitudinal and cross-national studies. Contribution: Findings on the assessment of relationships in family research based on self-administered modes, such as web mode, can be considered more reliable than those based on interviewer-administered modes

Reproduktionsmedizin und Familienplanung: Bessere Aufklärung und klarer Rechtsrahmen notwendig

Die Nutzung der Reproduktionsmedizin nimmt stetig zu. Der Bedarf steigt, da Geburten immer häufiger bis in das vierte Lebensjahrzent aufgeschoben werden - ein Alter, in dem verstärkt Fertilitätsprobleme auftreten. Die Erfolgsaussichten reproduktionsmedizinischer Behandlungen werden oft überschätzt. Späte Elternschaft mittels Reproduktionsmedizin lässt sich bislang nicht zuverlässig planen. Das Risiko, ungewollt kinderlos zu bleiben, ist hoch. Die Kinderwunschbehandlung wird von vielen Patientinnen und Patienten als emotional anstrengend und belastend empfunden. Es besteht ein Bedarf an psychosozialer Beratung und Begleitung. Die rechtlichen Regelungen zu den erlaubten Verfahren sowie zum Zugang zur Reproduktionsmedizin sind teilweise veraltet und widersprüchlich. Eine Aktualisierung dieser Regelungen würde die Rechtssicherheit für Patientinnen und Patienten sowie für Ärztinnen und Ärzte erhöhen. Der Beitrag der Reproduktionsmedizin zur Gesamtgeburtenrate ist mit 2,8 Prozent aller Geburten relativ gering

Anstieg depressiver Symptome bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen während des ersten Lockdowns in Deutschland: Ergebnisse des Beziehungs- und Familienpanels pairfam

Hintergrund: Die COVID-19-Pandemie (Corona Virus Disease 2019) hat innerhalb kürzester Zeit das gesellschaftliche Leben grundlegend verändert. Bei politischen Entscheidungen steht oft die Abwägung zwischen der Pandemiebekämpfung und den möglichen negativen wirtschaftlichen Konsequenzen im Vordergrund. Zunehmend finden jedoch auch die psychologischen und sozialen Auswirkungen des Lockdowns Beachtung. Fragestellung: Wie hat sich die psychische Gesundheit von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen in Deutschland während der ersten Welle der COVID-19-Pandemie und der dadurch bedingten Kontaktbeschränkungen in Deutschland verändert? Material und Methoden: Die Analysen basieren auf Längsschnittdaten von bundesweit per Zufallsverfahren ausgewählten Ankerpersonen des Beziehungs- und Familienpanels pairfam. Die hier betrachtete Altersgruppe der Geburtsjahrgänge 2001-2003 wurde im Jahr 2018/2019 erstmalig im Zuge einer Aufstockungsstichprobe befragt und 854 dieser Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen im Alter von 16-19 Jahren nahmen auch an der COVID-19-Zusatzbefragung von Mai bis Juli 2020 (erster Lockdown) teil. Die Depressivität wird mit der State-Trait Depression Scale erhoben. Ergebnisse: Während des ersten Lockdowns zeigte sich bei den jungen Menschen ein deutlicher Anstieg depressiver Symptome: Vor dem Lockdown hatten 10,4% klinisch relevante depressive Symptome [95%-KI: 8,4; 12,5], im Frühjahr 2020 stieg dieser Anteil auf 25,3% [95%-KI: 22,4; 28,2]. Das Risiko, depressive Symptome zu entwickeln, war bei weiblichen Jugendlichen und jungen Frauen erhöht. Der Migrationshintergrund zeigte sich als ein ähnlich starker Risikofaktor: Die Prävalenz depressiver Symptome stieg bei Migrationshintergrund von 11% auf 33%. Diskussion: Um diese Risikogruppen zu erreichen, sind flächendeckende, zielgruppenspezifische und niedrigschwellige Angebote der Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung nötig.Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed social life within a very short time. Lockdown policies often consider the tradeoff between containing the spread of the pandemic and negative consequences for the economy. Policymakers should pay more attention to the psychological and social impacts of the lockdown. Research question. How did the mental health of adolescents in Germany change during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown? Materials and methods. Analyses are based on longitudinal data from nationwide randomly selected anchors of the German family panel pairfam. The age group considered here, born between 2001 and 2003, was surveyed for the first time in 2018/2019 in the course of a refreshment sample, and 854 of these adolescents and young adults aged 16-19 also participated in the COVID-19 supplementary survey from May to July 2020 (first lockdown). Depressiveness is assessed with the State-Trait Depression Scale. Results. During the first lockdown, adolescents show a significant increase in depressive symptoms. Prior to the lockdown, 10.4% had clinically relevant depressive symptoms [95% CI: 8.4; 12.5]. In spring 2020, the prevalence increased to 25.3% [95% CI: 22.4; 28.2]. Young women have a significantly higher risk of developing depressive symptoms than men of the same age. Immigrant background is an equally strong risk factor. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among adolescents with an immigrant background increased from 11% to 33%. Discussion. To address this increased mental health risk and the inequalities, policymakers and society should ensure access and availability of target-group-specific and low-threshold prevention and counselling

Identification of genes involved in Ca(2+ )ionophore A23187-mediated apoptosis and demonstration of a high susceptibility for transcriptional repression of cell cycle genes in B lymphoblasts from a patient with Scott syndrome

BACKGROUND: In contrast to other agents able to induce apoptosis of cultured cells, Ca(2+ )ionophore A23187 was shown to elicit direct activation of intracellular signal(s). The phenotype of the cells derived from patients having the hemorrhagic disease Scott syndrome, is associated with an abnormally high proportion of apoptotic cells, both in basal culture medium and upon addition of low ionophore concentrations in long-term cultures. These features are presumably related to the mutation also responsible for the defective procoagulant plasma membrane remodeling. We analyzed the specific transcriptional re-programming induced by A23187 to get insights into the effect of this agent on gene expression and a defective gene regulation in Scott cells. RESULTS: The changes in gene expression upon 48 hours treatment with 200 nM A23187 were measured in Scott B lymphoblasts compared to B lymphoblasts derived from the patient's daughter or unrelated individuals using Affymetrix microarrays. In a similar manner in all of the B cell lines, results showed up-regulation of 55 genes, out of 12,000 represented sequences, involved in various pathways of the cell metabolism. In contrast, a group of 54 down-regulated genes, coding for histones and proteins involved in the cell cycle progression, was more significantly repressed in Scott B lymphoblasts than in the other cell lines. These data correlated with the alterations of the cell cycle phases in treated cells and suggested that the potent effect of A23187 in Scott B lymphoblasts may be the consequence of the underlying molecular defect. CONCLUSION: The data illustrate that the ionophore A23187 exerts its pro-apoptotic effect by promoting a complex pattern of genetic changes. These results also suggest that a subset of genes participating in various steps of the cell cycle progress can be transcriptionally regulated in a coordinated fashion. Furthermore, this research brings a new insight into the defect in cultured Scott B lymphoblasts, leading to hypothesize that a mutated gene plays a role not only in membrane remodeling but also in signal transduction pathway(s) leading to altered transcriptional regulation of cell cycle genes

Belastungen von Kindern, Jugendlichen und Eltern in der Corona-Pandemie

Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit den psychosozialen Belastungen von Eltern, Kindern und Jugendlichen während der Lockdown-Phasen in Deutschland seit Beginn der Corona-Pandemie. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf den Auswirkungen der Kontaktbeschränkungen und Schulschließungen auf den mentalen und psychischen Gesundheitszustand. Vor allem für Kinder und Jugendliche sind in dieser Zeit viele alltagssichernde Strukturen weggebrochen, welche langfristige Konsequenzen für ihr persönliches Wohlbefinden und ihre Entwicklung nach sich ziehen könnten. Die zugrundeliegenden Daten sind zum einen Metadaten, welche den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu diesem Thema wiedergeben. Zudem erfolgen auch eigene Analysen mit längsschnittlichen und repräsentativen Daten des deutschen Beziehungs- und Familienpanels pairfam und deren COVID-19-Zusatzbefragung. Diese Befunde dienen dazu einen Überblick über die Lage von Eltern, Kindern und Jugendlichen zu geben, um letztlich adäquate politische und gesellschaftliche Maßnahmen und Handlungsempfehlungen ableiten zu können

Increase of depressive symptoms among adolescents during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Germany - results from a German panel study

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed social life within a very short time. Lockdown policies often consider the trade-off between containing the spread of the pandemic and the negative impact for the economy. Policy makers should pay more attention to the psychological and social impacts of the lockdown. Objectives How did the mental health of adolescents in Germany change during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown in Germany? Material and Methods Analyses are based on longitudinal data from Germany and a random sample of the birth cohorts 2001-03. Respondents were 15-17 years old at the first interview in 2018/19. 854 adolescents participated in the second wave of the survey in May and June 2020. Depressiveness is assessed with the State-Trait Depression Scale. Results During the first lockdown, adolescents show a significant increase in depressive symptoms. Prior to the lockdown, 10.2 percent had clinically relevant depressive symptoms [CI: 8.0; 12.4]. In spring 2020, the prevalence increased to 25.2 percent [CI: 22.0; 28.4]. Young women have a significantly higher risk of developing depressive symptoms than men of the same age. Immigrant background is an equally strong risk factor. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among adolescents with an immigrant background increased from 11% to 33%. Discussion To address this increased mental health risk and the inequalities, policy makers and society should ensure access and availability of target-group-specific and low-threshold prevention and counselling

FReDA – The German Family Demography Panel Study

The study programme “FReDA – The German Family Demography Panel” is a cooperative project of the German Federal Institute for Population Research, GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, and – as representatives of the pairfam consortium – the University of Cologne and the Friedrich Schiller University Jena. FReDA is a longitudinal study on family and demography with an international perspective and a dyadic multi-actor design. As part of the international Generations and Gender Programme (GGP), the FReDA-GGS sample allows for comparisons with several other European countries. From wave 2 onwards, the pairfam sample, which was first recruited in 2008, will be integrated into the FReDA panel as the FReDA-pairfam sample and will be followed with a joint FReDA survey instrument. FReDA focuses thematically on family life and intimate relationships. The questionnaires for the first wave of FReDA have a modular design and comprise the following main topics: • Demography • Health, well-being, and personality • Work and income • Family planning and fertility • Couples’ relationships and partnerships • Parent–child and intergenerational relationships • Attitudes and values • COVID-19 pandemic For the recruitment of the FReDA-GGS sample, a probability-based sample of 108,256 anchor persons aged between 18 and 49 years and resident in Germany was drawn from the population registers of municipalities in Germany. The first FReDA wave, W1, was conducted in multiple subwaves consisting of the recruitment wave W1R and the two subwaves W1A and W1B. The interviews were conducted in a self-administered web-based (CAWI) or paper-based (PAPI) mode by the infas Institute for Applied Social Science. Data for the first FReDA wave were collected from April to June 2021 (W1R), July to September 2021 (W1A), and November 2021 to January 2022 (W1B). Additionally, data on anchor persons’ partners were collected from August to November 2021 (W1Apartner). A comprehensive overview of the methodological and conceptual principles of the FReDA study is provided in the FReDA reference paper by Schneider et al. (2021) .Recruitment subwave W1R: Value orientation and attitudes: traditional marriage concept (Unmarried cohabitation is permissible, marriage for life, divorce is permissible); traditional family (women need children to be fulfilled, men need children to be fulfilled, homosexual couple rights); gender role (pre-school child suffers if mother works, working mother can establish warm and secure relationship with child, women should care for family and less for career); intergenerational care values (parents provide financial help, children should care for parents, children should provide financial help for parents); gender values (better political leaders, for whom is a university education most important, for whom is having a job more important, for whom is housework and looking after children more important, better at caring for children). Corona: experience during the COVID-19 pandemic (personally heavily burdened, fear of falling ill, can also see the positive side, financial losses, difficulty restricting personal contact); assessment of political measures to fight the Corona virus (too much, just enough, too little). Demography: sex; sex according to register data; age; date of birth (month, year); current marital status; respondent has a partner; respondent has a partner for at least three months, living with partner; place first met current partner; satisfaction with the current romantic relationship; no children; number of biological children with current partner and with former partner; number of adopted children and of stepchildren; household size; highest school-leaving certificate; highest vocational qualification; years of education; education (ISCED-11); current situation; satisfaction with the actual employment situation; date school-leaving certificate reached (month, year); type of academic institution; date vocational education reached (month, year); degree of urbanization; currently living in eastern Germany; place of birth (federal state); country of birth; citizenships; language spoken at home; migration background: born in Germany; German citizenship; additional citizenship; date of immigration (month, year); financial situation of household (subjective); total household net income (last month, categories); internet connection; frequency of internet use; satisfaction with life as a whole. Additionally coded: respondent ID (anchor); subwave; sample (FReDA-GGS); interview date (day, month, year); mode; device used by respondent; total duration of web interview in seconds; contact strategy; number of mailings; interview assessment (the questionnaire was interesting, varied, important for research, long, difficult, too personal); panel consent; Flag variables: inconsistency with register data; partial interviews; unusually short interview duration; weight: design weight; design weight scaled to net sample size; start of survey field period; end of survey field period. Paradata: respondent ID (anchor); subwave; time and date of first access to questionnaire (absolute cumulated duration); time and date of last access to questionnaire (absolute cumulated duration); viewport width first page (in pixels); viewport height first page (in pixels); viewport width last page (in pixels); viewport height last page (in pixels); last page processed in questionnaire; number of interruptions; absolute cumulated duration for pages (milliseconds); soft prompt for page consent. Wave W1A: Employment: employment status; paid employment in the last week, full-time/part-time employment; hours worked per week, commuting between home and work (duration in hours and minutes); perceived stress during the last three months (too tired to do housework, difficulty meeting family obligations, too tired at work, difficulty concentrating because of family obligations, private conflicts affect performance); current situation; continuing education measures in the last twelve months. Information on children, ex-partners, and household members of the anchor in repeat loops. For respondents in paper-based mode, the number of loop variables is limited to four children, four ex-partners, and four household members. For respondents in web-based mode, the maximum number of blocks of loop variables is higher. Partner and partnership information: partner´s education: highest general education degree, highest vocational education degree, years of education; ISCED 2011; type of college/institution; current situation; paid job in the last week; hours worked per week; health restrictions in the last six months; country of birth; citizenships; country of birth Germany; German citizenship; other citizenship; federal state at birth; moved to Germany (month and year); duration of current partnership/ marriage in months; date of beginning relationship with current partner (month, year); married to current partner; date of marriage (month, year); registered civil partnership with current partner; date of registration of civil partnership (month, year); ever married to current partner(s); date of divorce from current partner (month, year); date of moving in with current partner (month, year), choice or circumstances of living apart; reason for living apart (anchor and partner; circumstances of living apart; distance from current partner´s home (duration in hours and minutes); number of days of face-to-face meetings and contacts with current partner(s) per week, month, or year; Intention to move in together in the next three years; intention to marry; intention to move in together and marry; frequency of disagreements about housework, money, leisure activities, relationship with friends, with parents, family planning, and child rearing issues; behavior in case of serious disagreements; serious thoughts about separation or divorce. Information on previous partnerships: Previous partnerships of at least three months duration; number of previous partnerships; number of cohabitations or marriages in previous partnerships; sex and age (date of birth month, year) of ex-partner; way of getting to know ex-partner; date of beginning of relationship (month, year); date of moving in together (month, year); married to ex-partner; date of marriage (month, year); type of end partnership (separation/death of partner); divorce from ex-partner), date of divorce (month, year); partner who filed for divorce. Information on children: child living, status of child; other natural parent of child; sex of child; date of birth (month year); date of death (month, year); child lives in same household; place of residence of child if not in same household; number of days per week, month, or year with care of child; number of overnights of child per week in respondent´s household; current situation; health limitations; general health; child has ever lived in the same household for more than three months; number of days per week, month, or year with face-to-face meetings with child; number of days per week, month, or year with other contact with child; distance to child´s other residence (duration in hours and minutes); satisfaction with relationship with child. Natural children with ex-partner; number of natural children with respective former partner; stepchildren with ex-partner; number of stepchildren with respective former partner; natural children of ex-partner; number of natural children with respective former partner; children with someone else; number of children with someone else. Pregnancies and family planning: current pregnancy of respondent or partner; other woman pregnant by respondent; expected date of birth (month, year); pregnancy with youngest child was planned; timing of pregnancy earlier/later than planned or just right; previous pregnancy was planned; timing of previous pregnancy earlier/later than planned or just right; problems getting pregnant for at least twelve months; purely physically able to have a child or to to conceive (anchor and partner); unable to have a child due to sterilization or surgery; diagnosis for infertility or not seen a doctor; time of attempt to become pregnant (month and year); type of fertility treatment; type of contraceptive methods used; sexual intercourse in the last four weeks; desire to have children in the next three years; general desire to have children; intended number of children; ideal number of children for respondent and in general; desired sex of first or next child; age at first menstruation or age at voice change; age at first sexual intercourse. Housing situation: number of rooms in the apartment or house; living space (in square meters); date of moving in (month and year); owner or tenant of the apartment or house; monthly cold rent (in euros); monthly incidental rental costs (in euros); satisfaction with the apartment or house; place of residence three years ago; reason for moving; intended move within Germany; intended move to another country. Household composition: other household members; number of other persons in the household; for the other household members was asked: relationship to this household member; sex; date of birth (month and year); current situation; satisfaction with the relationship to this person; health restrictions of this person in the last six months. Division of household chores between partners; satisfaction with division of chores; assessment of fairness of division of household chores; division of childcare chores; satisfaction with division of childcare chores; household decision-maker about routine household purchases, major household purchases, amount of time spent in own employment, and amount of time spent in partner´s employment; Organization of household income and expenses; length of time receiving Parental Benefit or Parental BenefitPlus for youngest child (in months, anchor, and partner); received regular child care assistance from acquaintances, friends, or relatives in the last 12 months; person providing child care assistance; number of days of child care assistance; payment of one of these persons; regular child care assistance from paid providers (e.g. B. child day care providers); type of child care services used; number of days per week, month, or year; monthly cost of child care; chore assistance from public or private providers; number of days per week, month, or year chore assistance is used; cost per week, month, or year of chore assistance; life satisfaction; self-assessment of health status; frequency of depression tendencies in the last week; net household income (in euros and categorized); assessment of the household´s financial situation; receipt of alimony in the last twelve months from a former partner; payment of alimony in the last twelve months to a former partner. Demography: sex; sex according to registry data; age; date of birth (month, year); age according to registry data; currently residing in East Germany; degree of urbanization; current marital status; current partnership status: same-sex partnership; current partnership status: relationship present; partnership for at least three months; living with partner; how did you meet current partner; satisfaction with current relationship; age and sex of partner; date of birth (month and year) of partner; number of all children, number of biological children, adopted children, and stepchildren born before the interview; number of all children still living, number of all children in the anchor´s household; age of youngest child, number of biological children, and number of adopted children with current partner; children of current partner with someone else and number of these children. Additionally coded were: ID anchor; wave data collection; identifier for sample membership; interview date (day, month, year); participation mode; terminal device; total duration of web interview in seconds; contact strategy; number of mailings; net equivalent income (GCEE); interview rating; consent to panel participation current partner; flag variables: Deviations from registry data, incomplete interviews, strikingly short interview duration, deviations from previous wave, missing information on children with (ex)partners, missing information on children (child loop); weighting factors; field start, field end. Wave W1B: Parents, origin, and childhood: birth mother still living, birth mother living in same household; birth father still living; birth father living in same household; distance to mother´s/father´s residence in hours and minutes; number of days of face-to-face meetings and contacts with mother and father per week, month, or year; satisfaction with relationship with birth mother/father; attachment to birth mother/father; asked for both parents: Age; country of birth; date of birth (month, year); date of death (month, year); country of birth Germany; federal state at birth; birth parents living in a common household; living with birth mother/father in a common household; ever lived apart from birth parents for at least 3 months; date of first separation from parents (month and year); intended change in living situation due to separation from parents in the next three years; parents were married; date of marriage (month and year); separation of parents; date of separation (month and year); siblings: Number of brothers and sisters; number of older siblings; year of birth of first child of birth mother and birth father; childhood in Germany; childhood abroad; federal state during childhood; lived with birth parents during childhood; lived with whom during childhood; quality of relationship between birth parents during childhood; ever lived abroad for more than three months during childhood; occupation (ISCO88) and occupational status of birth mother or of birth father at age 15; years of education of birth parents; highest general education degree (ISCED-11), highest vocational education degree; number of grandparents still living; number of birth children, adopted children, stepchildren, and foster children; grandchildren; number of grandchildren; date of birth of oldest grandchild (month and year). General well-being and health status: life satisfaction; regular need for care; type of health impairments or no diagnosis of health impairments; degree of limitations in activities of daily living in the last six months; limitations since when; infection with Corona virus since the beginning of the pandemic; body weight in kilograms; height in centimeters; happiness scale; loneliness (can rely on people for help with problems, feel general emptiness, miss people around me, can rely on many people, often feel rejected, feel close to people); contacts for important personal matters. Employment situation: current situation; satisfaction with employment status; date of beginning of current situation (month and year); paid employment in the last week; date of beginning of paid employment (month and year); employment full-time or part-time; hours worked per week; commuting between home and work (duration in hours and minutes); arrangement of work hours; flexibility in arrangement of work hours; frequency of working from home per week; frequency of working evenings or nights for at least two hours; workplace evenings or nights at home or elsewhere); frequency of working weekends; workplace weekends at home or elsewhere; probability of job loss; type of organization of current business (private or public); type of current employment contract; flexible work arrangements by employer; additional employment or business; hours worked per week for the additional employment; possible to return to work after maternity or parental leave; intention to return to work after end of maternity or parental leave; intention to take a job or start a business within the next three years; job or business immediately before current situation; previous job situation; previous job position; previous number of supervised employees; reason for leaving previous job; current or most recent occupation (ISCO-08); current or most recent occupational position. Partnership: steady relationship; date of birth of partner; relationship existed at the time of last interview; satisfaction with partner relationship; information on partner´s current employment and daily activities: Current situation; paid job in the last week; reason for leaving previous job; current job (ISCO-88); job position; number of supervised employees; hours worked per week; work schedule arrangement; frequency of working from home per week; frequency of working in the evening or at night for at least two hours; workplace at home or elsewhere in the evening or at night); frequency of working on weekends; working weekends at home or elsewhere; likelihood of job loss; organizational form of current business (private or public); type of current employment contract; flexible work arrangements by employer; additional employment or business; hours worked per week for the additional employment. Financial situation of the household: estimated current market value of owned real estate and land; real estate loan; outstanding amount for this loan; amount of the household´s monthly payments for real estate loans; subjective assessment of the household´s financial situation; ever received money, valuables or possessions worth more than 5. 000 euros; received these financial transfers from whom; year of last gift or inheritance; household financially in arrears in the last twelve months; types of household income in the last month; household net income (in euros and categories); expected development of financial situation in the next three years. Attitudes and values: general trust in people; planning for the future; value orientation and attitudes: Traditional concept of marriage (unmarried cohabitation is okay, marriage is lifelong union, divorce is okay); traditional family (women need children for fulfilling life, men need children for fulfilling life, equal rights for homosexual couples); gender role (preschool child suffers when mother works, loving and stable mother-child relationship when mother works, women should care about family and less about career); intergenerational values (parents should financially support adult children, children should take responsibility for their parents´ care, children should financially support their parents), gender roles (better political leadership, for whom is university education more important, for whom is a job more important, for whom is household and child care more important, better care for young children); experiment on ideal employment status and ideal weekly work hours of mother and father by age of child; religious community; frequency of participation in religious events per week, month, or year; religiosity; experience of Corona pandemic (personally heavily burdened, fear of contracting COVID-19, time also had good sides, financial losses, difficulty limiting personal contacts). Demography: sex; sex according to registry data; age; date of birth (month, year); age according to registry data; migration background; currently residing in eastern Germany; degree of urbanization; current partnership status: relationship present; satisfaction with current relationship; age of partner; number of all children, number of biological children, number of adopted children, and stepchildren born before interview. Additionally coded: ID anchor; wave data collection; identifier for sample membership; interview date (day, month, year); mode of participation; terminal device; total duration of Web interview in seconds; contact strategy; incentive experiment; experimental groups work by age