Occurrence and abundance of a mariner-like element in freshwater and terrestrial planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from southern Brazil

Transposable elements are DNA sequences present in all the large phylogenetic groups, both capable of changing position within the genome and constituting a significant part of eukaryotic genomes. The mariner family of transposons is one of the few which occurs in a wide variety of taxonomic groups, including freshwater planarians. Nevertheless, so far only five planarian species have been reported to carry mariner-like elements (MLEs), although several different species have been investigated. Regarding the number of copies of MLEs, Girardia tigrina is the only planarian species in which this has been evaluated, with an estimation of 8,000 copies of the element per haploid genome. Preliminary results obtained in our laboratory demonstrated that MLE is found in a large number of different species of planarians, including terrestrial. With this in mind, the aim was to evaluate the occurrence and estimate the number of MLE copies in different planarian species collected in south Brazil. Twenty-eight individuals from 15 planarian species were analyzed. By using PCR and the hybridization of nucleic acids, it was found that MLE was present in all the analyzed species, the number of copies being high, probably over 103 per haploid genome

Synthetic indole and melatonin derivatives exhibit antimalarial activity on the cell cycle of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Discovering the mechanisms by which cell signaling controls the cell cycle of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is fundamental to designing more effective antimalarials. To better understand the impacts of melatonin structure and function on the cell cycle of P. falciparum, we have synthesized two families of structurally-related melatonin compounds (7–11 and 12–16). All synthesized melatonin analogs were assayed in P. falciparum culture and their antimalarial activities were measured by flow cytometry. We have found that the chemical modification of the carboxamide group attached at C-3 position of the indole ring of melatonin (6) was crucial for the action of the indole-related compounds on the P. falciparum cell cycle. Among the melatonin derivatives, only the compounds 12, 13 and 14 were capable of inhibiting the P. falciparum growth in low micromolar IC50. These results open good perspectives for the development of new drugs with novel mechanisms of action

Two series of new semisynthetic triterpene derivatives: differences in anti-malarial activity, cytotoxicity and mechanism of action

Background\ud The discovery and development of anti-malarial compounds of plant origin and semisynthetic derivatives thereof, such as quinine (QN) and chloroquine (CQ), has highlighted the importance of these compounds in the treatment of malaria. Ursolic acid analogues bearing an acetyl group at C-3 have demonstrated significant anti-malarial activity. With this in mind, two new series of betulinic acid (BA) and ursolic acid (UA) derivatives with ester groups at C-3 were synthesized in an attempt to improve anti-malarial activity, reduce cytotoxicity, and search for new targets. In vitro activity against CQ-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and an evaluation of cytotoxicity in a mammalian cell line (HEK293T) are reported. Furthermore, two possible mechanisms of action of anti-malarial compounds have been evaluated: effects on mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and inhibition of β-haematin formation.\ud \ud Results\ud Among the 18 derivatives synthesized, those having shorter side chains were most effective against CQ-sensitive P. falciparum 3D7, and were non-cytotoxic. These derivatives were three to five times more active than BA and UA. A DiOC6(3) ΔΨm assay showed that mitochondria are not involved in their mechanism of action. Inhibition of β-haematin formation by the active derivatives was weaker than with CQ. Compounds of the BA series were generally more active against P. falciparum 3D7 than those of the UA series.\ud \ud Conclusions\ud Three new anti-malarial prototypes were obtained from natural sources through an easy and relatively inexpensive synthesis. They represent an alternative for new lead compounds for anti-malarial chemotherapy.This work was supported by grants and financial support from Brazilian Agencies CAPES, CNPq, INCT-IF, Malaria-PRONEX, INCT-INBEQMeDI, FAPESP and the Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences (PPGCF/UFRGS). The authors are also grateful to the apple samples from Tecnovin do Brasil LTDA, RS, Brazil. We thank Prof Dr N P Lopes (USP-RP) for HRMS analysis. LNC and MSM received FAPESP Fellowships

New synthetic compounds with action on the life cycle of the human parasites Plasmodium falciparum.

Apesar dos esforços mundiais a malária ainda é uma doença com altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Investigamos o efeito de moléculas sintéticas relacionadas a melatonina e a triptamina no ciclo celular de P. falciparum, bem como mostramos que essa classe de compostos apresenta ação antimalárica significativa. Avaliamos também 5 novas hidroxinaftoquinonas sintéticas em cultura in vitro de P. falciparum, todas apresentaram atividade antimalárica, tendo N3 destacado-se por apresentar um IC50 na faixa nanomolar. Mostramos que o possível mecanismo de ação de N3 é inibindo o potencial de membrana mitocondrial. Em células de mamíferos HEK293, N3 não mostrou toxicidade significativa. No modelo de infecção utilizando P. berghei (ANKA GFP) o composto N3 não foi capaz de curar os animais infectados, apesar da redução significativa da parasitemia no quarto dia após a infecção. Nessa tese mostramos o uso da citometria de fluxo como uma ferramenta prática possibilitando a avaliação do ciclo do parasita.Despite the worldwide effort the malaria is still a devastating disease. We have tested melatonin and synthetic related indoles molecules on P. falciparum cell cycle and showed the potential antimalarial activity. We have tested 5 new synthetic hydroxynaphthoquinones on in vivo culture of P. falciparum 3D7, all of them showed antimalarial activity, but only N3 showed an IC50 in the nanomolar range. We demonstrate that the probable mechanism of action of N3 is inhibiting the mitochondrial membrane potential. In mammalian cells, N3 did not show cytotoxicity. Subsequently, we tested the compound N3 in murine infection model of P. berghei. After 4 days the parasitemia was assessed and the survival monitored for 30 days. N3 was not able to cure the infected animals, despite the initial reduction of parasitemia on 4th day post-infection. In this thesis we have demonstrated the use of flow cytometry as a useful and powerful tool in malaria research

Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in Mollicutes

Several mollicute genome projects are underway, offering unique opportunities to study genes and metabolic pathways on a genome-wide scale. Here, we have analyzed the conservation and diversity of purine and pyrimidine metabolism in mycoplasmas. An evaluation of discrepancies between genomic analysis and enzymatic data revealed interesting aspects about these organisms. We found important examples in which enzyme activity was reported without the annotation of a corresponding gene. An interesting example concerns phosphopentomutase. In Mollicutes, we have identified CDSs orthologous to sequences recently identified as new phosphopentomutases in archaeobacteria that are structurally related to phosphomannomutases. It is suggested that these sequences could replace the function of phosphopentomutases in mollicutes lacking the canonical phosphopentomutase gene (deoB). Also, the activity of 5'-nucleotidase was reported in mollicutes that do not possess any CDS related to ushA. Hypothetical proteins exhibiting domains similar to newly characterized 5' nucleotidases in Escherichia coli are proposed as possible CDSs related to this enzymatic activity in Mollicutes. Based on our analysis, the reductive genome evolution of Mollicutes does not appear to result in a minimum set of genes nor a minimum set of metabolic functions shared by all mollicute species

Clonagem de genes codificadores de proteínas potencialmente antigênicas de M. Hyopneumoniae em E. Coli por recombinação in vivo

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Clonagem e expressão de antígenos de Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae por recombinação in vivo em E. Coli

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