Who\u27s Been Drinking on the Railroad? Archaeological Excavations at the Central Railroad of New Jersey\u27s Lakehurst Shops

Archaeological excavations at the former shops of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, in Lakehurst (28-Oc-138), uncovered several large bottle caches within a 19th-century railroad maintenance facility. These caches, situated in clandestine locations within the plant, apparently reflect a considerable amount of on-the-job alcohol consumption by railroad workers. This surprising discovery and its implications for understanding turn-of-the-century workplace culture are explored

The Rise of the Industrial Rural Tenant Laborers and the Rise of the Industrial Economy: Historical Ethnography of the Heminitz Property ,Site (36LH267), Upper Macungie Township, Lehigh County,Pennsylvania

This paper presents the results of excavations at the Heminitz Property Site (36LH267), a rural domestic site in Upper Macungie Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania; Excavation, .\u27of several spatially and temporally discrete features and midden deposits in yards surrounding the house produced 6,875 artifacts. Documentary research revealed that the ca. 1843 house was intended to house tenant families engaged in agricultural labor. Analysis of the archaeological and documentary records associated with this site and the region shows that inthe mid-1800s, agricultural laborers possessed similar material. culture to neighboring independent farmers, while subsisting at a lower level of consumption. The transiiionfromagricultural to manufacturing labor occurred at the Heminitz Property Site in the mid-18/!Os, a time period\u27 that saw an increase in the quantity and value of domestic artifacts acquired by the site\u27s occupants. Archaeological and documentary data indicate that manufacturing laborers were materially betteT off than agricultural workers, though these benefits most likely came at the expense of chronic, low~l~erdebtto local storeowners. This investigation suggests the existence of a rural agrarian culture in\u27which individualsimd families could participate in differently, according to their particular economic circumstances

Modelling a Market Stability Reserve in Carbon Markets

We examine under which conditions a cap-and-trade mechanism can deliver a dynamically efficient abatement pathway and contribute to a robust investment framework. For this we develop a numerical dynamic partial-equilibrium model that includes differentiated objective functions of different market participants for holding emission allowances based on their banking strategy. If the surplus of allowances is large, as currently observed in the European Union Emissions Trading System, the equilibrium market outcome can deviate from an efficient abatement pathway and performance of the policy is reduced against a set of key criteria (dynamic efficiency, price credibility, price consistency, and robustness to shocks). The model is applied to assess design options of quantity and price based market stability reserves as discussed in Europe. Both price and quantity based mechanisms can improve the performance of the EU ETS against key criteria

A novel 2.45 GHz/200 W Microwave Plasma Jet for High Temperature Applications above 3600 K

State of the art atmosphere plasma sources are operated with frequencies in kHz/MHz regions and all high power plasma jets make use of tungsten electrodes. A microwave plasma torch has been developed at FH Aachen for the application in various fields. The advantages over other plasma jet technologies are the high efficiency combined with a maintenance-free compact design and non-tungsten electrodes. In this paper the development of a 200 W torch is described. Argon is used as the primary plasma gas and a second gas can be applied for additional purposes. For the plasma generation a microwave at 2.45 GHz is sent through the torch. The special internal topology causes a high electric field that ignites the plasma at the tip and leads to the ionization of the passing Argon atoms which are emitted as a jet. By designing the copper electrode as a cannula it is possible to gain plasma temperatures higher than the electrode\u2019s melting point. The electric field simulations are made with Ansoft HFSS. Experiments were carried out to verify the simulations. The upcoming steps in the development will be the scale-up to higher power levels of several kW with a magnetron as power source

Geografische weergave "critical loads" in Europa, CCE technisch rapport nr. 1

This first Technical report of the Coordination Center for Effects (CCE) presents European maps of critical loads of actual acidity, sulphur and nitrogen, and maps displaying European geographical patterns of exceedances of current deposition over critical loads. Methods and assumptions used to produce these CCE maps are summarized in this report but can be found in more detail in the Mapping Manual (UN ECE, 1990a) and its annexes, as well as the Mapping Vademecum (Hettelingh and de Vries), 1991), of which several drafts were produced during the mapping exercise. This report also aims to provide an preliminary evaluation of the CCE maps through (1) comparison with the Stockholm Environment Institute senstitivity map which has been used by the UN ECE Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modeling (TFIAM) to assess abatement strategies, and (2) comparison of braodscale European data to two cases of national data used in the mapping exercise.(DGM/L