Atopic eczema and obesity: a population-based study

Background Atopic eczema is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Research suggests an association between atopic eczema and obesity, with inconsistent evidence from European populations. Objectives To explore the association between diagnosed atopic eczema and being overweight or obese, and whether increased atopic eczema severity was associated with higher body mass index. Methods We undertook a cross-sectional analysis within a matched (age, sex, GP practice) cohort of adults with and without a diagnosis of atopic eczema. We used primary care (Clinical Practice Research Datalink Gold) and linked hospital admissions data (1998-2016). We used conditional logistic regression to compare the odds of being overweight or obese (adjusting for confounders and potential mediators) in those with atopic eczema (mild, moderate and severe, and all eczema) to those without. Results We identified 441,746 people with atopic eczema, matched to 1,849,722 without. People with atopic eczema had slightly higher odds of being overweight or obese compared to those without (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.07, 1.09) after adjusting for age, asthma and socio-economic deprivation. Adjusting for potential mediators (high-dose glucocorticoids, harmful alcohol use, anxiety, depression, smoking) had minimal effect on effect estimates (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.06, 1.08). We saw no evidence that odds of being overweight or obese increased with increasing atopic eczema severity, and there was no association in people with severe eczema. Conclusion We found evidence of a small overall association between atopic eczema and being overweight or obese. However, there was no association with obesity among those with the most severe eczema. Our findings are largely reassuring for this prevalent patient group that may already have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Atopic Eczema in Adulthood and Risk of Depression and Anxiety: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Atopic eczema is a common and debilitating condition associated with depression and anxiety, but the nature of this association remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the temporal relationship between atopic eczema and new depression/anxiety. METHODS: This matched cohort study used routinely collected data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, linked to hospital admissions data. We identified adults with atopic eczema (1998-2016) using a validated algorithm, and up to 5 individuals without atopic eczema matched on date of diagnosis, age, sex, and general practice. We estimated the hazard ratio (HR) for new depression/anxiety using stratified Cox regression to account for age, sex, calendar period, Index of Multiple Deprivation, glucocorticoid treatment, obesity, smoking, and harmful alcohol use. RESULTS: We identified 526,808 adults with atopic eczema who were matched to 2,569,030 without. Atopic eczema was associated with increased incidence of new depression (HR, 1.14; 99% CI, 1.12-1.16) and anxiety (HR, 1.17; 99% CI, 1.14-1.19). We observed a stronger effect of atopic eczema on depression with increasing atopic eczema severity (HR [99% CI] compared with no atopic eczema: mild, 1.10 [1.08-1.13]; moderate, 1.19 [1.15-1.23]; and severe, 1.26 [1.17-1.37]). A dose-response association, however, was less apparent for new anxiety diagnosis (HR [99% CI] compared with no atopic eczema: mild, 1.14 [1.11-1.18]; moderate, 1.21 [1.17-1.26]; and severe, 1.15; [1.05-1.25]). CONCLUSIONS: Adults with atopic eczema are more likely to develop new depression and anxiety. For depression, we observed a dose-response relationship with atopic eczema severity

Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and severe mental illness among adults with atopic eczema or psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Evidence suggests an association between atopic eczema (AE) or psoriasis and mental illness. However, factors associated with mental illness are unclear. / Objectives: To synthesise and evaluate all available evidence on factors associated with depression, anxiety, and severe mental illness (SMI) among adults with AE or psoriasis. / Methods: We searched electronic databases, grey literature databases, and clinical trial registries from inception to February 2022 for studies in adults with AE or psoriasis. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort, cross-sectional or case-control studies where effect estimates of factors associated with depression, anxiety, or SMI were reported. We did not apply language or geographical restrictions. We assessed risk of bias using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. We synthesised results narratively, and if at least two studies were sufficiently homogenous, we pooled effect estimates in a random-effects meta-analysis. / Results: We included 21 studies (11 observational, 10 RCT). No observational studies in AE fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Observational studies in people with psoriasis mostly investigated factors associated with depression or anxiety – one cross-sectional study investigated factors associated with schizophrenia. Pooled effect estimates suggest being female, and psoriatic arthritis, were associated with depression (female sex:OR = 1.62,95%CI = 1.09-2.40,95%PI = 0.62-4.23, I2 = 24.90%, Tau2 = 0.05; psoriatic arthritis:OR = 2.26,95%CI = 1.56-3.25,95%PI = 0.21-24.23, I2 = 0.00%, Tau2 = 0.00) and anxiety (female sex:OR = 2.59,95%CI = 1.32-5.07,95%PI = 0.00-3956.27, I2 = 61.90%, Tau2 = 0.22; psoriatic arthritis:OR = 1.98,95%CI = 1.33-2.94, I2 = 0.00%, Tau2 = 0.00). Moderate/severe psoriasis was associated with anxiety (OR = 1.14,95%CI = 1.05-1.25, I2 = 0.00%, Tau2 = 0.00), but not depression. Evidence from RCTs suggested adults with AE or psoriasis given placebo had higher depression and anxiety scores compared to comparators given targeted treatment (e.g., biologic agents). / Conclusions: Our review highlights limited existing research on factors associated with depression, anxiety, and SMI in adults with AE or psoriasis. Observational evidence on factors associated with depression or anxiety in people with psoriasis was conflicting or from single studies, but some identified factors were consistent with those in the general population. Evidence on factors associated with SMIs in people with AE or psoriasis was particularly limited. Evidence from RCTs suggested AE and psoriasis treated with placebo was associated with higher depression and anxiety scores compared to skin disease treated with targeted therapy, however, follow-up was limited, therefore long-term effects on mental health are unclear

Risk factors for mental illness in adults with atopic eczema or psoriasis: protocol for a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence indicates that people with the common inflammatory skin diseases atopic eczema or psoriasis are at increased risk of mental illness. However, the reasons for the relationship between skin disease and common mental disorders (ie, depression and anxiety) or severe mental illnesses (ie, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses) are unclear. Therefore, we aim to synthesise the available evidence regarding the risk factors for mental illness in adults with atopic eczema or psoriasis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct a systematic review of randomised controlled trials, cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies. We will search the following databases from inception to March 2020: Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Base, PsycInfo, the Global Resource of Eczema Trials, and the grey literature databases Open Grey, PsycExtra and the New York Academy of Medicine Grey Literature Report. We will also search the bibliographies of eligible studies and relevant systematic reviews to identify additional relevant studies. Citation searching of large summary papers will be used to further identify relevant publications. Two reviewers will initially review study titles and abstracts for eligibility, followed by full text screening. We will extract data using a standardised data extraction form. We will assess the risk of bias of included studies using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. We will synthesise data narratively, and if studies are sufficiently homogenous, we will consider a meta-analysis. We will assess the quality of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required for a systematic review. Results of the review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated through conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020163941

Factors associated with depression, anxiety and severe mental illness among adults with atopic eczema or psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests an association between atopic eczema (AE) or psoriasis and mental illness; however, the factors associated with mental illness are unclear. OBJECTIVES: To synthesize and evaluate all available evidence on factors associated with depression, anxiety and severe mental illness (SMI) among adults with AE or psoriasis. METHODS: We searched electronic databases, grey literature databases and clinical trial registries from inception to February 2022 for studies of adults with AE or psoriasis. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort, cross-sectional or case-control studies where effect estimates of factors associated with depression, anxiety or SMI were reported. We did not apply language or geographical restrictions. We assessed risk of bias using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. We synthesized results narratively, and if at least two studies were sufficiently homogeneous, we pooled effect estimates in a random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: We included 21 studies (11 observational, 10 RCTs). No observational studies in AE fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Observational studies in people with psoriasis mostly investigated factors associated with depression or anxiety - one cross-sectional study investigated factors associated with schizophrenia. Pooled effect estimates suggest that female sex and psoriatic arthritis were associated with depression [female sex: odds ratio (OR) 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-2.40, 95% prediction intervals (PIs) 0.62-4.23, I2 = 24.90%, τ2 = 0.05; psoriatic arthritis: OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.56-3.25, 95% PI 0.21-24.23, I2 = 0.00%, τ2 = 0.00] and anxiety (female sex: OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.32-5.07, 95% PI 0.00-3956.27, I2 = 61.90%, τ2 = 0.22; psoriatic arthritis: OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.33-2.94, I2 = 0.00%, τ2 = 0.00). Moderate/severe psoriasis was associated with anxiety (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05-1.25, I2 0.00%, τ2 = 0.00), but not depression. Evidence from RCTs suggested that adults with AE or psoriasis given placebo had higher depression and anxiety scores compared with comparators given targeted treatment (e.g. biologic agents). CONCLUSIONS: Our review highlights limited existing research on factors associated with depression, anxiety and SMI in adults with AE or psoriasis. Observational evidence on factors associated with depression or anxiety in people with psoriasis was conflicting or from single studies, but some identified factors were consistent with those in the general population. Evidence on factors associated with SMIs in people with AE or psoriasis was particularly limited. Evidence from RCTs suggested that AE and psoriasis treated with placebo was associated with higher depression and anxiety scores compared with skin disease treated with targeted therapy; however, follow-up was limited. Therefore, long-term effects on mental health are unclear

Training Family Doctors and Primary Care Nurses in Evidence-based Prevention, Screening and Management of Cardiovascular Risks in Western Ukraine: A Longitudinal Study.

Introduction The Ukrainian primary healthcare programme of preventive and screening recommendations has not been evidence-based. The traditional system of continuous medical education in Ukraine places participants in the role of passive listeners. This study explored the effects of an interactive training course on evidence-based prevention and screening of cardiovascular risks, on changes in Ukrainian family doctors' (FDs) and primary care nurses' (PCNs) knowledge and readiness to change practice over time. Methods Three hundred and seven FDs and PCNs participated in the study. Changes in participants' knowledge were assessed with 20 multiple choice questions, and their readiness to change practice with a five-item questionnaire. These were administered before, immediately after, three and twelve months after training. Results The mean pre-course knowledge score was 6.1 (SD 1.8) out of 20, increasing to 14.9 (SD 2.3) immediately afterwards (p<0.001). Three months later it was 10.2 (SD 3.2) and at one year it was 10.4 (SD 3.3), both of which were significantly higher than the pre-training level (p<0.005). The percentage of participants that were highly motivated to change their practice increased from 18.4% before the training to 62.3% immediately afterwards (p<0.001). Three months later, this fell to 40.4%. At 12 months it further reduced to 27.4%, but was still significantly higher than the baseline level (p<0.001). Conclusions The interactive training was effective in increasing both participants' knowledge and their readiness to change their clinical practice. The impact of the training diminished over time, but was still evident a year later

Training family doctors and primary care nurses in evidence-based prevention, screening and management of cardiovascular risks in Western Ukraine: A longitudinal study

The Ukrainian primary healthcare programme of preventive and screening recommendations has not been evidence-based. The traditional system of continuous medical education in Ukraine places participants in the role of passive listeners. This study explored the effects of an interactive training course on evidence-based prevention and screening of cardiovascular risks, on changes in Ukrainian family doctors’ (FDs) and primary care nurses’ (PCNs) knowledge and readiness to change practice over time

Clinical Codelist - Diabetes - Read Codes

Read codes for diabetes, provisional diabetes type (dm_cat), included in the Quality Outcome Framework definition of diabetes (dm_qof