Improved channel multiplier for radiation-and-particle detectors

Multiplier is formed of glass and includes cylindrically-shaped main channel element having length-to-diameter ratio of 50 to 1. Element has open slot along its length. Attached to slot edges are two glass plates set at an angle to each other. Inside surfaces are coated with secondary electron emissive coating

Radiation and particle detector and amplifier

A radiation or charged particle detector is described which incorporates a channel multiplier structure to amplify the detected rays or particles. The channel multiplier structure has a support multiplying element with a longitudinal slot along one side. The element supports a pair of plates positioned contiguous with the slot. The plates funnel the particles or rays to be detected into the slotted aperture and the element, thus creating an effectively wide aperture detector of the windowless type

QCD Critical Point in a Quasiparticle Model

Recent theoretical investigations have unveiled a rich structure in the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram which consists of quark gluon plasma (QGP) and the hadronic phases but also supports the existence of a cross-over transition ending at a critical end point (CEP). We find a too large variation in determination of the coordinates of the CEP in the temperature (T), baryon chemical potential ($\mu_{B}$) plane and, therefore, its identification in the current heavy-ion experiments becomes debatable. Here we use an equation of state (EOS) for a deconfined QGP using a thermodynamically consistent quasiparticle model involving quarks and gluons having thermal masses. We further use a thermodynamically consistent excluded volume model for the hadron gas (HG) which was recently proposed by us. Using these equations of state, a first order deconfining phase transition is constructed using Gibbs' criteria. This leads to an interesting finding that the phase transition line ends at a critical point (CEP) beyond which a cross-over region exists. Using our thermal HG model, we obtain a chemical freeze out curve and we find that the CEP lies in close proximity to this curve as proposed by some authors. The coordinates of CEP are found to lie within the reach of RHIC experiment.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, 1 table; minor corrections, to be appeared in Phys. Rev.

On Superalgebras of Matrices with Symmetry Properties

It is known that semi-magic square matrices form a 2-graded algebra or superalgebra with the even and odd subspaces under centre-point reflection symmetry as the two components. We show that other symmetries which have been studied for square matrices give rise to similar superalgebra structures, pointing to novel symmetry types in their complementary parts. In particular, this provides a unifying framework for the composite `most perfect square' symmetry and the related class of `reversible squares'; moreover, the semi-magic square algebra is identified as part of a 2-gradation of the general square matrix algebra. We derive explicit representation formulae for matrices of all symmetry types considered, which can be used to construct all such matrices.Comment: 25 page

A localised subgrid scale model for fluid dynamical simulations in astrophysics II: Application to type Ia supernovae

The dynamics of the explosive burning process is highly sensitive to the flame speed model in numerical simulations of type Ia supernovae. Based upon the hypothesis that the effective flame speed is determined by the unresolved turbulent velocity fluctuations, we employ a new subgrid scale model which includes a localised treatment of the energy transfer through the turbulence cascade in combination with semi-statistical closures for the dissipation and non-local transport of turbulence energy. In addition, subgrid scale buoyancy effects are included. In the limit of negligible energy transfer and transport, the dynamical model reduces to the Sharp-Wheeler relation. According to our findings, the Sharp-Wheeler relation is insuffcient to account for the complicated turbulent dynamics of flames in thermonuclear supernovae. The application of a co-moving grid technique enables us to achieve very high spatial resolution in the burning region. Turbulence is produced mostly at the flame surface and in the interior ash regions. Consequently, there is a pronounced anisotropy in the vicinity of the flame fronts. The localised subgrid scale model predicts significantly enhanced energy generation and less unburnt carbon and oxygen at low velocities compared to earlier simulations.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Astron. Astrophys.; 3D visualisations not included; complete PDF version can be downloaded from http://www.astro.uni-wuerzburg.de/%7Eschmidt/Paper/SGSModel_II_AA.pd