encuentros de un hermano menor con sus hermanos mayores 1993–1997 y 2018

The study offers an insight into the history of one of the four ethnic groups in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta / Colombia that still tries to maintain its cultural identity against the pressure of the majority population. The first part consists of a study published in 1995 that deals with the mission of the Capuchin friars founded in 1916 and closed down in 1982.This study is based on research work in the archives and personal communication with the religious authorities (Mamu) of the Arhuacos / Iku. It focusses on the mutual perception of the Mamu and the missionaries and the religion of the Arhuacos / Iku. After 1997 the author had to cancel any further planned visits because apart from the guerrilla that had been there before the paramilitaries started their activities. The second part concentrates on the development during the last twenty years and the challenges of today. On the one hand the jurisdiction of the constitutional court based on the new constitution of 1991 has strengthened the position of the Arhuacos. On the other hand, the constitution introduced new regulations between government institutions and the ethnic groups as far as their autonomy is concerned. It is not easy for the ethnic groups to adjust to them. During his visit in 2018 the author was accompanied by Javier Rodriguez, a former Capuchin friar who had later worked for the government department of environment and development in the Sierra Nevada. Discussions with him allowed the author to reconsider and – if necessary – supplement his perceptions and interpretation of Arhuaco / Iku religion. Finally, there is a detailed description of how the author acquired his knowledge of Arhuaco life and religion during his visits between 1993 and 1997

Religión agraria y cristianismo en los Andes centrales peruanos

Contenido 3 Prólogo 7 1 El contexto eclesiástico y los estudios precedentes 9 1.1 La problemática de la inculturación 9 1.2 La investigación precedente y sus hipótesis 20 2 El método y el lugar del estudio 31 2.1 El significado de una monografía basada en entrevistas abiertas 31 2.2 El cuestionario 34 2.3 Quico - el lugar del estudio y sus alrededores 38 3 Las entrevistas y observaciones suplementarias 53 3.1 Las entrevistas 53 3.1.1 Sebastián Succly 54 3.1.2 José Machacca 76 3.1.3 Antonio Gerillo 100 3.1.4 Santos Machacca 112 3.1.5 Luisa Chura 133 3.1.6 Apolinar Apaza Quispe 143 3.1.7 Andrés Machacca 172 3.1.8 Luis Phacsi Gerillo 179 3.1.9 Domingo Rojas 189 3.1.10 Agustín Bermúdez Medina 198 3.1.11 Ángela Mamani Monroy 212 3.1.12 Arturo Sequeiros Loaysa 220 3.2. Otras observaciones y diálogos 238 3.2.1 Observaciones 239 3.2.2 Informaciones de diálogos complementarios 263 3.3 Las afirmaciones de las entrevistas - Confirmación y modificación del cuestionario Advertencia preliminar 275 3.3.1 La entrevista con Sebastián Succly 276 3.3.2 La entrevista con José Machacca 279 3.3.3 La entrevista con Antonio Gerillo 280 3.3.4 La entrevista con Santos Machacca 281 3.3.5 La entrevista con Luisa Chura 284 3.3.6 La entrevista con Apolinar Apaza Quispe 286 3.3.7 La entrevista con Andrés Machacca 290 3.3.8 La entrevista con Luis Phacsi Gerillo 291 3.3.9 La entrevista con Domingo Rojas 293 3.3.10 La entrevista con Agustín Bermúdez Medina 294 3.3.11 La entrevista con Angela Mamani Monroy 296 3.3.12 La entrevista con Arturo Sequeiros Loaysa 298 3.3.13 Confirmación y modificación del cuestionario 300 4\. La cosmovisión religiosa de los habitantes de Quico 303 5\. Perspectivas pastorales (Peter T. Hansen) 323 5.1 Pastoral desde una comunidad campesina 323 5.2 Evangelización de las culturas e inculturación del evangelio 324 5.3 Encuentro con Dios 326 5.4 El „Fiscal“ y el „Tusuy Pusaq“ 330 5.5 El „año litúrgico“ en Quico 333 5.6 Perspectivas: Una pastoral acompañante 335 5.6.1 Observaciones previas 335 5.6.2 Presupuestos de una pastoral acompañante 337 5.6.3 Una pastoral con sus propios acentos 337 5.7 La „hora“ de Dios 345 6\. Hacia un futuro abierto 347 6.1 Desarrollo económico y político 347 6.1.1 Vía de acceso 347 6.1.2 Las viviendas 348 6.1.3 Población, salud y alimentación 349 6.1.4 Escuela y conocimiento del idioma español 350 6.1.5 Producción y dinero 350 6.1.6 Migración 351 6.1.7 Impactos y desafíos del exterior 352 6.2 La actual situación religiosa 353 6.2.1 El grupo maranata 354 6.2.2 Las fiestas y la práctica de rituales tradicionales 357 6.2.3 Perspectivas de Pastoral 363 7\. Las entrevistas en quechua 365 7.1 Sebastián Succly 365 7.2 José Machacca 386 7.3. Antonio Gerillo 407 7.4 Santos Machacca 417 7.5. Luisa Chura 436 7.6 Apolinar Apaza Quispe 446 7.7. Andrés Machacca 472 7.8 Luis Phacsi Gerillo 478 7.9 Domingo Rojas 488 7.10 Agustin Bermúdez Medina 495 7.11 Angela Mamani Monroy 511 Bibliografía 519 Indice de conceptos 527 Fotografías y mapas 533 Autores 549El proceso de cristianización en los Andes es juzgado muy distintamente. Mientras que algunos afirman que el cristianismo ha sido aceptado asimilando elementos de la antigua religión, llegan otros por el contrario a la conclusión de que el cristianismo ha sido asimilado por la antigua religión agraria. Entrevistas sobre el ciclo agrario y vital en una comunidad quechua hablante en el sur andino peruano muestran cómo la religión agraria andina ha sido reinterpretada a través de la asimilación del cristianismo.2\. edición actualizada, aumentada y corregid

Resistencia y sincretismo

After a short survey of the first encounters of the Arhuacos with Christianity the study examines the reports of the Capuchin friars who started their intensive missionary work in 1916. The special focus is on the intercultural relations, which are reflected in them. During a period of more than 60 years the interest of the Colombian government of the time and the then prevailing interpretation of faith among the missionaries lead to strained relations especially with the religious authorities of the Arhuacos. After the mission was closed in 1982 the community of the Arhuacos seems to be divided. Apart from those who follow their tradition there are baptized Catholics from the school of the Capuchin friars and Protestant Christians from the Summerschool of Linguistics, which was closed down as well. The religious authorities of the Arhuacos try to avoid the impending disintegration of their culture: In their own documents they remember their history of the origin of the world and its leading foundations and invite the readers to become aware of their spiritual dimension of life.2a edición corregid

The differentiation/retrodifferentiation program of human U937 leukemia cells is accompanied by changes of VCP/p97

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Retrodifferentiation and regained proliferative capacity of growth-arrested human leukemic cells after monocyte-like differentiation requires proteolytic activities together with distinct regulatory factors. The AAA ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) contributes to protein degradation and cell cycle regulation, respectively, and it was of interest to study a possible role of VCP/p97 during this myelomonocytic differentiation and retrodifferentiation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Separation of autonomously proliferating human U937 myeloid leukemia cells by centrifugal elutriation demonstrated unaltered VCP/p97 expression levels throughout distinct phases of the cell cycle. However, phorbol ester-induced G₀/G₁cell cycle arrest in differentiating human U937 leukemia cells was associated with a significantly increased protein and mRNA amount of this AAA ATPase. These elevated VCP/p97 levels progressively decreased again when growth-arrested U937 cells entered a retrodifferentiation program and returned to the tumorigenic phenotype. Whereas VCP/p97 was observed predominantly in the cytosol of U937 tumor and retrodifferentiated cells, a significant nuclear accumulation appeared during differentiation and G₀/G₁ growth arrest. Analysis of subcellular compartments by immunoprecipitations and 2D Western blots substantiated these findings and revealed furthermore a tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of VCP/p97 in the cytosolic but not in the nuclear fractions. These altered tyrosine phosphorylation levels, according to distinct subcellular distributions, indicated a possible functional involvement of VCP/p97 in the leukemic differentiation process. Indeed, a down-modulation of VCP/p97 protein by siRNA revealed a reduced expression of differentiation-associated genes in subsequent DNA microarray analysis. Moreover, DNA-binding and proliferation-associated genes, which are down-regulated during differentiation of the leukemic cells, demonstrated elevated levels in the VCP/p97 siRNA transfectants.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The findings demonstrated that monocytic differentiation and G₀/G₁growth arrest in human U937 leukemia cells was accompanied by an increase in VCP/p97 expression and a distinct subcellular distribution to be reverted during retrodifferentiation. Together with a down-modulation of VCP/p97 by siRNA, these results suggested an association of this AAA ATPase in the differentiation/retrodifferentiation program.</p

Lenalidomide in the context of complex karyotype or interrupted treatment: case reviews of del(5q)MDS patients with unexpected responses

Lenalidomide has particular activity in patients with transfusion-dependent del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), but mechanistic information is limited regarding the relationship between erythroid and cytogenetic responses. We reviewed medical records from three distinct subgroups of del(5q) MDS patients who had unexpected effects with lenalidomide treatment: 1. two patients with complex karyotypes who achieved both cytogenetic remissions and transfusion independence; 2. two patients with 5q- syndrome who took lenalidomide for less than 12 weeks but remained transfusion independent for 15+ months still displaying del(5q) metaphases after 6 and 12 months; and 3. one patient who was a non-responder on lenalidomide during treatment but became transfusion independent for 13+ months after discontinuation. All but the latter patient in this series had reduction of affected metaphases, suggesting that erythroid responses might be mediated by result from partial or complete suppression of the malignant clone, either directly or indirectly through modulation of the bone marrow microenvironment. These clinical observations illustrate the heterogeneity of del(5q)MDS pathogenesis and the diversity of lenalidomide responses within this patient subset

Analysis of Array-CGH Data Using the R and Bioconductor Software Suite

Background. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) is an emerging high-resolution and high-throughput molecular genetic technique that allows genome-wide screening for chromosome alterations. DNA copy number alterations (CNAs) are a hallmark of somatic mutations in tumor genomes and congenital abnormalities that lead to diseases such as mental retardation. However, accurate identification of amplified or deleted regions requires a sequence of different computational analysis steps of the microarray data. Results. We have developed a user-friendly and versatile tool for the normalization, visualization, breakpoint detection, and comparative analysis of array-CGH data which allows the accurate and sensitive detection of CNAs. Conclusion. The implemented option for the determination of minimal altered regions (MARs) from a series of tumor samples is a step forward in the identification of new tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes

Deregulation of the endogenous C/EBPβ LIP isoform predisposes to tumorigenesis

Two long and one truncated isoforms (termed LAP*, LAP, and LIP, respectively) of the transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) are expressed from a single intronless Cebpb gene by alternative translation initiation. Isoform expression is sensitive to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated activation of the translation initiation machinery and relayed through an upstream open reading frame (uORF) on the C/EBPbeta mRNA. The truncated C/EBPbeta LIP, initiated by high mTOR activity, has been implied in neoplasia, but it was never shown whether endogenous C/EBPbeta LIP may function as an oncogene. In this study, we examined spontaneous tumor formation in C/EBPbeta knockin mice that constitutively express only the C/EBPbeta LIP isoform from its own locus. Our data show that deregulated C/EBPbeta LIP predisposes to oncogenesis in many tissues. Gene expression profiling suggests that C/EBPbeta LIP supports a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment, resistance to apoptosis, and alteration of cytokine/chemokine expression. The results imply that enhanced translation reinitiation of C/EBPbeta LIP promotes tumorigenesis. Accordingly, pharmacological restriction of mTOR function might be a therapeutic option in tumorigenesis that involves enhanced expression of the truncated C/EBPbeta LIP isoform. KEY MESSAGE: Elevated C/EBPbeta LIP promotes cancer in mice. C/EBPbeta LIP is upregulated in B-NHL. Deregulated C/EBPbeta LIP alters apoptosis and cytokine/chemokine networks. Deregulated C/EBPbeta LIP may support a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment