3,261 research outputs found
Spin Freezing in Geometrically Frustrated Antiferromagnets with Weak Disorder
We investigate the consequences for geometrically frustrated antiferromagnets
of weak disorder in the strength of exchange interactions. Taking as a model
the classical Heisenberg antiferromagnet with nearest neighbour exchange on the
pyrochlore lattice, we examine low-temperature behaviour. We show that random
exchange generates long-range effective interactions within the extensively
degenerate ground states of the clean system. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we
find a spin glass transition at a temperature set by the disorder strength.
Disorder of this type, which is generated by random strains in the presence of
magnetoelastic coupling, may account for the spin freezing observed in many
geometrically frustrated magnets.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
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Sea Spray Aerosol: Where Marine Biology Meets Atmospheric Chemistry.
Atmospheric aerosols have long been known to alter climate by scattering incoming solar radiation and acting as seeds for cloud formation. These processes have vast implications for controlling the chemistry of our environment and the Earth's climate. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is emitted over nearly three-quarters of our planet, yet precisely how SSA impacts Earth's radiation budget remains highly uncertain. Over the past several decades, studies have shown that SSA particles are far more complex than just sea salt. Ocean biological and physical processes produce individual SSA particles containing a diverse array of biological species including proteins, enzymes, bacteria, and viruses and a diverse array of organic compounds including fatty acids and sugars. Thus, a new frontier of research is emerging at the nexus of chemistry, biology, and atmospheric science. In this Outlook article, we discuss how current and future aerosol chemistry research demands a tight coupling between experimental (observational and laboratory studies) and computational (simulation-based) methods. This integration of approaches will enable the systematic interrogation of the complexity within individual SSA particles at a level that will enable prediction of the physicochemical properties of real-world SSA, ultimately illuminating the detailed mechanisms of how the constituents within individual SSA impact climate
Low Velocity Granular Drag in Reduced Gravity
We probe the dependence of the low velocity drag force in granular materials
on the effective gravitational acceleration (geff) through studies of spherical
granular materials saturated within fluids of varying density. We vary geff by
a factor of 20, and we find that the granular drag is proportional to geff,
i.e., that the granular drag follows the expected relation Fprobe = {\eta}
{\rho}grain geff dprobe hprobe^2 for the drag force, Fprobe on a vertical
cylinder with depth of insertion, hprobe, diameter dprobe, moving through
grains of density {\rho}grain, and where {\eta} is a dimensionless constant.
This dimensionless constant shows no systematic variation over four orders of
magnitude in effective grain weight, demonstrating that the relation holds over
that entire range to within the precision of our data
Influence of sex on cerebrospinal fluid density in adults
The extent of sensory block during spinal anaesthesia is unpredictable and is influenced by many factors, mainly patient position, site of injection, baricity and the dose of drug injected. Among other factors, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) density has been advocated to affect subarachnoid distribution of local anaesthetics. In this study, we have investigated the influence of patient characteristics such as sex, age, weight and height on variations in the density of CSF in more than 46 consecutive patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia. CSF 2 ml was obtained after spinal puncture and before injection of local anaesthetic. Mean CSF density measured at 37°C was mean 1.00054 (SD 0.00017) g ml−1, with significantly lower CSF densities in women (1.00049 (0.00011) g ml−1) than in men (1.00058 (0.00011) g ml−1) (P = 0.024). In contrast, there was no correlation between age, weight or height, and CSF density. These results suggest that sex significantly influenced CSF density and may therefore modify subarachnoid distribution of local anaesthetic
Semiclassical degeneracies and ordering for highly frustrated magnets in a field
We discuss ground state selection by quantum fluctuations in frustrated
magnets in a strong magnetic field. We show that there exist dynamical
symmetries -- one a generalisation of Henley's gauge-like symmetry for
collinear spins, the other the quantum relict of non-collinear weathervane
modes -- which ensure a partial survival of the classical degeneracies. We
illustrate these for the case of the kagome magnet, where we find zero-point
energy differences to be rather small everywhere except near the collinear
`up-up-down` configurations, where there is rotational but not translational
symmetry breaking. In the effective Hamiltonian, we demonstrate the presence of
a term sensitive to a topological `flux'. We discuss the connection of such
problems to gauge theories by casting the frustrated lattices as medial
lattices of appropriately chosen simplex lattices, and in particular we show
how the magnetic field can be used to tune the physical sector of the resulting
gauge theories.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure
QM/MM Modeling of Vibrational Polariton Induced Energy Transfer and Chemical Dynamics
Vibrational strong coupling (VSC) provides a novel means to modify chemical
reactions and energy transfer pathways. To efficiently model chemical dynamics
under VSC in the collective regime, herein a hybrid quantum
mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) cavity molecular dynamics (CavMD)
scheme is developed and applied to an experimentally studied chemical system.
This approach can achieve linear scaling with respect to the number of
molecules for a dilute solution under VSC by assuming that each QM solute
molecule is surrounded by an independent MM solvent bath. Application of this
approach to a dilute solution of Fe(CO) in n-dodecane under VSC
demonstrates polariton dephasing to the dark modes and polariton-enhanced
molecular nonlinear absorption. These simulations predict that strongly
exciting the lower polariton may provide an energy transfer pathway that
selectively excites the equatorial CO vibrations rather than the axial CO
vibrations. Moreover, these simulations also directly probe the cavity effect
on the dynamics of the Fe(CO) Berry pseudorotation reaction for comparison
to recent two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy experiments. This theoretical
approach is applicable to a wide range of other polaritonic systems and
provides a tool for exploring the use of VSC for selective infrared
photochemistry.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures in the main tex
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