Translating from Memory: Patrick Modiano in Postmodern Context

In this essay I have attemped to renegotiate the relationship between the work of Patrick Modiano and the conditions of literary production designated by postmodernism. Contemporary French reviewers and critics have greeted with guarded praise Modiano\u27s efforts to write in a language and about events that belong to another writing. Following their lead, this essay first explores the tension (often lost on American readers) created by the possibility that the historical referent of Modiano\u27s texts—not only Modiano\u27s personal past but the horror of the Occupation—might now exist only as a weightless narrative effect. As such, it is a part of style somehow comparable to and manipulable by a postmodern, purely textural hermeneutic. As many critics have pointed out, Modiano reveals his awareness of this problem through his obsessive thematizing of memory. My argument here is that by employing a specifically translational mode ofwriting that would co-opt the loss of loss characteristic of postmodernism, Modiano is able to renew our sense of the jagged reality of history as always remembered by a finite subjectivity. I demonstrate this translational mode in an analysis of Modiano\u27s Rue des boutiques obscures, in which we find not only the patently postmodern and self-referential detective story form, but the textually invoked subject of that form, presented as translations that imply historically lost but nonetheless palpable, real, and at times horrible, antecedents

Synthesis of Polymer Dielectric Layers for Organic Thin Film Transistors via Surface-Initiated Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

The use of surface-initiated ring-opening metathesis polymerization (SI-ROMP) for producing polymer dielectric layers is reported. Surface tethering of the catalyst to Au or Si/SiO_2 surfaces is accomplished via self-assembled monolayers of thiols or silanes containing reactive olefins. Subsequent SI-ROMP of norbornene can be conducted under mild conditions. Pentacene semiconducting layers and gold drain/source electrodes are deposited over these polymer dielectric films. The resulting field effect transistors display promising device characteristics, demonstrating for the first time that SI-ROMP can be used in the construction of organic thin-film electronic devices

Chemical composition of processed bamboo for structural applications.

Natural materials are a focus for development of low carbon products for a variety of applications. To utilise these materials, processing is required to meet acceptable industry standards. Laminated bamboo is a commercial product that is currently being explored for structural applications, however there is a gap in knowledge about the effects of commercial processing on the chemical composition. The present study utilised interdisciplinary methods of analysis to investigate the effects of processing on the composition of bamboo. Two common commercial processing methods were investigated: bleaching (chemical treatment) and caramelisation (hygrothermal treatment). The study indicated that the bleaching process results in a more pronounced degradation of the lignin in comparison to the caramelised bamboo. This augments previous research, which has shown that the processing method (strip size) and treatment may affect the mechanical properties of the material in the form of overall strength, failure modes and crack propagation. The study provides additional understanding of the effects of processing on the properties of bamboo.This work was funded by a Leverhulme Trust Programme Grant, and EPSRC Grant EP/K023403/1

The development of a toxicity database using freshwater macroinvertebrates, and its application to the protection of South African water resources

There is a growing international trend towards the protection of freshwater resources from pollution by imposing instream guidelines and specified waste-discharge conditions. Current methods for devising freshwater quality guidelines are based on species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) that are used to identify pollutant concentrations, ensuring the protection of a modelled percentage of species (95% protection is a common goal). SSDs are derived from the toxicity test results of as many taxa as possible for each polluting substance. Waste-discharge licences can be for single substances, specified in terms of chemical concentrations, and derived in conjunction with instream guidelines; or for complex mixtures, specified in terms of toxic units. In both cases toxicity test results are the core data used. The emphasis on SSDs calls into question the species constituting the test populations. It is likely that SSDs based in part on the responses of local organisms will achieve superior site-specific ecological protection. Until the early 1990s, there were very few data on the tolerances of South African freshwater organisms. In the intervening decade, the Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality at Rhodes University has developed a toxicity database that, to date, records the responses of 21 South African freshwater taxa to 26 single-substance pollutants or mixtures. This is the most comprehensive database of South African toxicity responses available and has been used in the drawing up of methods and guidelines to protect water resources. This paper aims to make these data available and to describe applications of the data using selected case studies

High resection rates of colorectal liver metastases after standardized follow-up and multimodal management:an outcome study within the COLOFOL trial

Background: Outcome after colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) resection has improved over time, despite increased resection rates. Hence, it's crucial to identify all patients possible to treat with curative intent. The objectives of this study were to map recurrence pattern, treatment strategy and survival depending on treatment and follow-up strategy. Methods: In the COLOFOL-trial, patients with radically resected stage II-III colorectal cancer were randomized to high-frequency (6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months; HF) or low-frequency (12 and 36 months; LF) follow-up. In this study, all CRLM within 5 years were identified and medical files scrutinized. Overall survival (OS) was analysed in uni- and multivariable analyses. Primary endpoint was 5-year OS. Results: Of 2442 patients, 235 (9.6%) developed metachronous CRLM of which 123 (52.3%) underwent treatment with curative intent, resulting in 5-year OS of 58%. Five-year OS for patients with CRLM was 43% after HF versus 24% after LF. The survival benefit was confirmed for HF 8 years from resection of the primary tumour, HR 0.63 (CI 0.46–0.85). Conclusion: A high proportion of metachronous CRLM was possible to treat with curative intent, yielding high survival rates. More intense follow-up after colorectal cancer resection might be of value in high-risk patients

An adherent tissue-inspired hydrogel delivery vehicle utilised in primary human glioma models.

A physical hydrogel cross-linked via the host-guest interactions of cucurbit[8]uril and utilised as an implantable drug-delivery vehicle for the brain is described herein. Constructed from hyaluronic acid, this hydrogel is biocompatible and has a high water content of 98%. The mechanical properties have been characterised by rheology and compared with the modulus of human brain tissue demonstrating the production of a soft material that can be moulded into the cavity it is implanted into following surgical resection. Furthermore, effective delivery of therapeutic compounds and antibodies to primary human glioblastoma cell lines is showcased by a variety of in vitro and ex vivo viability and immunocytochemistry based assays.This work was supported by The Brain Tumour Charity (RG89672), the National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre; the Higher Education Funding Council for England. We acknowledge the Human Research Tissue Bank and Biomedical Research Centre for the tissue being accessed through the Human Research Tissue Bank. The Human Research Tissue Bank is supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. MJR thanks the University of Cambridge Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine PhD Training Programme for funding. CCP is thankful for the support of the EPSRC and the Brain Tumour Charity for funding. JHM acknowledges the support of the Gates Cambridge Scholarship programme. AKK was supported by a studentship from the John and Lucille van Geest Foundation

Cucurbit[8]uril-derived graphene hydrogels

The scalable production of uniformly distributed graphene (GR)-based composite materials remains a sizable challenge. While GR-polymer nanocomposites can be manufactured at large scale, processing limitations result in poor control over the homogeneity of hydrophobic GR sheets in the matrices. Such processes often result in difficulties controlling stability and avoiding aggregation, therefore eliminating benefits that might have otherwise arisen from the nanoscopic dimensions of GR. Here, we report an exfoliated and stabilized GR dispersion in water. Cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8])-mediated host guest chemistry was used to obtain supramolecular hydrogels consisting of uniformly distributed GR and guest-functionalized macromolecules. The obtained GR-hydrogels show superior bioelectrical properties over identical systems produced without CB[8]. Utilizing such supramolecular interactions with biologically-derived macromolecules is a promising approach to stabilize graphene in water and avoid oxidative chemistry.Marie Sklodowska-Curie individual research grant (H2020-MSCAIF- 2017, P.ID: 797106) The Winston Churchill Foundation of the United States EPSRC Doctoral Training Grant EP/N509620/1 EPSRC Programme Grant NOtCH (EP/L027151/1

Applying support-vector machine learning algorithms toward predicting host-guest interactions with cucurbit[7]uril.

Machine learning is a valuable tool in the development of chemical technologies but its applications into supramolecular chemistry have been limited. Here, the utility of kernel-based support vector machine learning using density functional theory calculations as training data is evaluated when used to predict equilibrium binding coefficients of small molecules with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). We find that utilising SVMs may confer some predictive ability. This algorithm was then used to predict the binding of drugs TAK-580 and selumetinib. The algorithm did predict strong binding for TAK-580 and poor binding for selumetinib, and these results were experimentally validated. It was discovered that the larger homologue cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) is partial to selumetinib, suggesting an opportunity for tunable release by introducing different concentrations of CB[7] or CB[8] into a hydrogel depot. We qualitatively demonstrated that these drugs may have utility in combination against gliomas. Finally, mass transfer simulations show CB[7] can independently tune the release of TAK-580 without affecting selumetinib. This work gives specific evidence that a machine learning approach to recognition of small molecules by macrocycles has merit and reinforces the view that machine learning may prove valuable in the development of drug delivery systems and supramolecular chemistry more broadly.A.T. and M.P.S. thank The Winston Churchill Foundation of the United States. A.T. thanks the National Science Foundation graduate research fellowship, the MIT Chemical Engineering first year fellowship, and the Churchill College post-graduate grant program. G.W. thanks the Leverhulme Trust (project: ‘Natural material innovation for sustainable living’). V.K.R. thanks the Swiss National Science Foundation (P2EZP2_168784). O.A.S. acknowledges EPSRC Programme grant Nano-Optics to controlled Nano- Chemistry (NOtCH, EP/L027151/1) for funding