Non-intrusive determination of bubble and slug length scales in fluidized beds by decomposition of the power spectral density of pressure time series

It is shown that spectral anal. of non-intrusive time dependent pressure measurements in bubbling and circulating gas-solid fluidized beds permits to obtain the first ests. of bubble, gas slug, and solids cluster length scales from pressure fluctuation data. These length scales are calcd. from the incoherent cross power spectra of pressure signals measured in the bubbling or circulating bed and in the plenum. Remarkable quant. agreement with bubble diam. data is found, and equally remarkable agreement is obtained with independent ests. of gas slug lengths by others in circulating fluidized beds. These results demonstrate the possibility of greatly expanding the information that can be obtained non-intrusively from gas-solid fluidized beds

Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) Level 2 Version 5: Structures and Facilities for Model Definitions.

Computational models can help researchers to interpret data, understand biological function, and make quantitative predictions. The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) is a file format for representing computational models in a declarative form that can be exchanged between different software systems. SBML is oriented towards describing biological processes of the sort common in research on a number of topics, including metabolic pathways, cell signaling pathways, and many others. By supporting SBML as an input/output format, different tools can all operate on an identical representation of a model, removing opportunities for translation errors and assuring a common starting point for analyses and simulations. This document provides the specification for Version 5 of SBML Level 2. The specification defines the data structures prescribed by SBML as well as their encoding in XML, the eXtensible Markup Language. This specification also defines validation rules that determine the validity of an SBML document, and provides many examples of models in SBML form. Other materials and software are available from the SBML project web site, http://sbml.org