Immune Response to Lactobacillus plantarum Expressing Borrelia burgdorferi OspA Is Modulated by the Lipid Modification of the Antigen

Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in the use of lactic acid bacteria as mucosal delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens, microbicides and therapeutics. We investigated the mechanism by which a mucosal vaccine based in recombinant lactic acid bacteria breaks the immunological tolerance of the gut in order to elicit a protective immune response.We analyzed how the lipid modification of OspA affects the localization of the antigen in our delivery vehicle using a number of biochemistry techniques. Furthermore, we examined how OspA-expressing L. plantarum breaks the oral tolerance of the gut by stimulating human intestinal epithelial cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte derived dendritic cells and measuring cytokine production. We show that the leader peptide of OspA targets the protein to the cell envelope of L. plantarum, and it is responsible for protein export across the membrane. Mutation of the lipidation site in OspA redirects protein localization within the cell envelope. Further, we show that lipidated-OspA-expressing L. plantarum does not induce secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 by intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, it breaks oral tolerance of the gut via Th1/Th2 cell mediated immunity, as shown by the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by human dendritic cells, and by the production of IgG2a and IgG1 antibodies, respectively.Lipid modification of OspA expressed in L. plantarum modulates the immune response to this antigen through a Th1/Th2 immune response

Zosimus and his Historical Models

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Argentina National Map of Crops 2022/2023

&lt;p&gt;Crop type map covering the main agricultural areas of Argentina for growing season 2022/2023. This version includes two different maps for winter and summer crops. Maps were&nbsp;generated using supervised classification methods with samples obtained from on-road surveys and Landsat satellite images along the growing season. Files provided include&nbsp;a Geotiff version of each map with a resolution of 30 m and legend style files. The report includes&nbsp;the methodological details, map legend and accuracy assessments (in Spanish). A web visualizer&nbsp;can be accessed through the following link: &lt;a href="https://deabelle.users.earthengine.app/view/mnc22-23"&gt;https://deabelle.users.earthengine.app/view/mnc22-23&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt