Elastic slow dynamics in polycrystalline metal alloys

Elastic slow dynamics, consisting in a reversible softening of materials when an external strain is applied, was experimentally observed in polycrystalline metals and presents analogies with the same phenomenon more widely observed in consolidated granular media. Since the effect is extremely small in metals, precise experimental techniques are needed. Reliable measurement of relative velocity variations of the order of 10−7 is crucial to perform the analysis. In addition, the grain structure and the nature of grain boundaries in metals is very different from that in rocks or concrete. Therefore, linking relaxation elastic effects to the microstructure is needed to understand the physical origin of slow dynamics in metals. Here, interpreting the relaxation phenomenon as a multirelaxation process, we show that it is sensitive to the spatial scale at the microstructural level, up to the point of allowing the identification of the existence of features at different spatial scales, particularly distinguishing damage from microstructural inhomogeneities

Separation of Damping and Velocity Strain Dependencies using an Ultrasonic Monochromatic Excitation

International audiencePrecise knowledge of the dependence of elastic modulus and Q factor on the amplitude of excitation is a prerequisite for the development and validation of models to explain the hysteresis observed in qua-sistatic experiments for various media, i.e., the different deformations at the same applied stress observed when stress change rate is positive or negative. Separation of different contributions to dynamic nonlin-earity (e.g., those due to nonequilibrium effects, often termed conditioning) and independent estimation of nonlinearities originated by the strain dependence of velocity and the damping factor are required, which is often not possible with standard approaches. Here we propose and validate a method that, measuring the response of a sample to a monochromatic excitation at different amplitudes, allows fast, continuous, and quasi-real-time monitoring of the dependence of the material elastic properties on amplitude: dynamic elastic modulus (related with velocity through density) and Q factor of the mechanical resonances (related with wave-amplitude attenuation parameters)

Robust determination of relaxation times spectra of long-time multirelaxation processes

Long-time relaxation processes occur in numerous physical systems. They are often regarded as multirelaxation processes, which are a superposition of exponential decays with a certain distribution of relaxation times. The relaxation times spectra often convey information about the underlying physics. Extracting the spectrum of relaxation times from experimental data is, however, difficult. This is partly due to the mathematical properties of the problem and partly due to experimental limitations. In this paper, we perform the inversion of time-series relaxation data into a relaxation spectrum using the singular value decomposition accompanied by the Akaike information criterion estimator.We show that this approach does not need any apriori information on the spectral shape and that it delivers a solution that consistently approximates the best one achievable for given experimental dataset. On the contrary, we show that the solution obtained imposing an optimal fit of experimental data is often far from reconstructing well the distribution of relaxation times

Separation of Damping and Velocity Strain Dependencies using an Ultrasonic Monochromatic Excitation

Precise knowledge of the dependence of elastic modulus and Q-factor on amplitude of excitation is a prerequisite for the development and validation of models to explain the hysteresis observed in quasi-static experiments for various media, i.e. the different deformations at the same applied stress observed when stress change rate is positive or negative. Separation of different contributions to dynamic nonlinearity (e.g those due to non equilibrium effects, often termed conditioning) and independent estimation of nonlinearities originated by the strain dependence of velocity and damping factor are required, which is often not possible with standard approaches. Here we propose and validate a method which, measuring the response of a sample to a monochromatic excitation at different amplitudes, allows fast, continuous and quasi real-time monitoring of the dependence of the material elastic properties on amplitude: dynamic elastic modulus (related with velocity through density) and Q-factor of the mechanical resonances (related with wave amplitude attenuation parameter

Continuous waves probing in dynamic acoustoelastic testing

Consolidated granular media display a peculiar nonlinear elastic behavior, which is normally analysed with dynamic ultrasonic testing exploiting the dependence on amplitude of different measurable quantities, such as the resonance frequency shift, the amount of harmonics generation, or the break of the superposition principle. However, dynamic testing allows measuring effects which are averaged over one (or more) cycles of the exciting perturbation. Dynamic acoustoelastic testing has been proposed to overcome this limitation and allow the determination of the real amplitude dependence of the modulus of the material. Here, we propose an implementation of the approach, in which the pulse probing waves are substituted by continuous waves. As a result, instead of measuring a time-of-flight as a function of the pump strain, we study the dependence of the resonance frequency on the strain amplitude, allowing to derive the same conclusions but with an easier to implement procedure

Time Domain Analysis of Elastic Nonlinearity in Concrete Using Continuous Waves

Concrete and consolidated granular media in general exhibit a strong nonlinear hysteretic elastic behavior when excited by ultrasonic wave perturbations. Due to the sensitivity of their elastic properties to the small changes that can appear in their microstructure, the dynamic stress-strain relationship considered at low strains is affected by the presence of microcracks and hence the progression of damage. Tracking the nonlinear behavior can be made through the dependence on the excitation amplitude of the amplitude of higher order harmonics or of the resonance frequency of the sample. The present chapter shows a time domain analysis of elastic nonlinearity based on the break of the superposition principle when ultrasonic continuous waves are propagating in concrete samples. The latter, which can be of different microstructures (grain sizes, mortar, or polymer matrix), helps to understand the physical mechanisms involved in the different nonlinear elastic responses

Ultrasonic Monitoring of the Interaction between Cement Matrix and Alkaline Silicate Solution in Self-Healing Systems

Alkaline solutions, such as sodium, potassium or lithium silicates, appear to be very promising as healing agents for the development of encapsulated self-healing concretes. However, the evolution of their mechanical and acoustic properties in time has not yet been completely clarified, especially regarding their behavior and related kinetics when they are used in the form of a thin layer in contact with a hardened cement matrix. This study aims to monitor, using linear and nonlinear ultrasonic methods, the evolution of a sodium silicate solution interacting with a cement matrix in the presence of localized cracks. The ultrasonic inspection via linear methods revealed that an almost complete recovery of the elastic and acoustic properties occurred within a few days of healing. The nonlinear ultrasonic measurements contributed to provide further insight into the kinetics of the recovery due to the presence of the healing agent. A good regain of mechanical performance was ascertained through flexural tests at the end of the healing process, confirming the suitability of sodium silicate as a healing agent for self-healing cementitious systems

Nonlinear elastic response of thermally damaged consolidated granular media

The mechanical properties of consolidated granular media are strongly affected by large temperature changes which induce the development and localization of stresses, leading in turn to damage, e.g., cracking. In this work, we study the evolution of linear and nonlinear elasticity parameters when increasing the temperature of the thermal loading process. We prove the existence of a link between linear and nonlinear elasticity properties. We show that the change of the nonlinear elasticity parameters with the increase in the thermal loading is larger at the lower temperatures than the corresponding change for the linear parameters, suggesting that nonlinear elasticity can be exploited for early thermal damage detection and characterization in consolidated granular media. We finally show the influence of grain size upon the thermal damage evolution with the loading temperature and how this evolution is mirrored by the nonlinear elasticity parameter