The Chimango Caracara (milvago Chimango), An Additional Fisher Among Caracarini Falcons [o Chimango (milvago Chimango), Um Pescador Adicional Entre Os Falcões Caracarini]

The Caracarini falcons are among the most versatile birds of prey, and their variable diet includes fishes, which may be taken as carrion. However, fishing behaviour is described for two species. Here we describe the Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango) fishing at an estuary in Chile, Pacific coast of South America. The caracara flew and glided close to water surface, hovering on occasions. After such a hovering, the bird plunged and attempted to snatch a prey with its talons. If successful, the caracara carried the fish in its talons and landed on an adjacent beach where the prey was torn apart and eaten. The 'glide-hover' technique of the Chimango Caracara differs slightly from the fishing recorded for the closely related Yellow-headed Caracara (Milvago chimachima), which plunges to the prey from a nearby perch ('perch to water'). The Black Caracara (Daptrius ater) picks up fish individually with its bill or talons while staying on a river bank ('ground foraging'). Thus, at least three fishing techniques are used by the Caracarini falcons, a group already known for its varied foraging techniques.93403405Haverschmidt, F., Notes of the feeding habits and food of some hawks of Surinam (1962) Condor, 64 (2), pp. 154-158Griffiths, C.S., Phylogeny of the Falconidae inferred from molecular and morphological data (1999) Auk, 116 (1), pp. 116-130Griffiths, C.S., Barroughclough, J.G., Groth, J.G., Martz, L., Phylogeny of Falconidae (Aves): A comparison of the efficacy of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data (2004) Mol. Phylog. Evol, 32 (1), pp. 101-109Magalhães, C.A., Comportamento alimentar de Busarellus nigricollis no Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brasil (1990) Ararajuba, 1 (2), pp. 119-120Martin, P., Bateson, P., (1986) Measuring Behaviour, An Introductory Guide, p. 200. , Cambridge University Press, CambridgeMonteiro-Filho, E.L.A., Fishing behavior of yellow-headed caracara, Milvago chimachima (Falconidae) in southeast Brazil (1995) Ciênc. Cult, 47 (1-2), pp. 86-87Olmos, F., Sazima, I., Fishing behaviour by Black Caracaras (Daptrius ater) in the Amazon (2009) Biota Neotrop, 9 (3), pp. 399-401Peres, C.A., Ungulate ectoparasite removal by Black Caracaras and Pale-winged Trumpeter in Amazonian forests (1996) Wilson Bull, 108 (1), pp. 170-175Poole, A.F., Bierregaard, R.O., Martell, M.S., (2002) Osprey (Pandion Haliaetus). In the Birds of North America, , http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/683, (A. Poole, ed.). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, last access 18/04/2009Sazima, I., The jack-of-all-trades raptor: Versatile foraging and wide trophic role of the Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus) in Brazil, with comments on feeding habits of the Caracarini (2007) Rev. Bras. Ornitol, 15 (4), pp. 592-597Sazima, I., Validated cleaner: The cuculid bird Crotophaga ani picks ticks and pecks at sores of capybaras in southeastern Brazil (2008) Biota Neotrop, 8 (1), pp. 213-216. , http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v8n1/pt/abstract?article+bn00308012008Sick, H., (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira, p. 862. , Editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de JaneiroWhite, C.M., Olson, P.D., Kiff, L.F., Family Falconidae (falcons and caracaras) (1994) Handbook of The Birds of The World, 2, pp. 358-447. , New World vultures to tapaculos (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliot & J. Sargatal, eds). Lynx Edicions, Barcelon

Fishing Behaviour By Black Caracaras (daptrius Ater) In The Amazon [comportamento De Pesca Pelo Gavião-de-anta (daptrius Ater) Na Amazônia]

The Black Caracara is a widespread raptor in the Amazonian lowlands, mostly associated to riverine habitats. This bird is considered as a generalist scavenger that occasionally takes small prey and feeds on fruit. Here we report on Black Caracaras foraging on live small fish caught while moving upriver in the Rio Roosevelt rapids in the Amazonas state, northwestern Brazil. Fish were picked individually either with the bill or talons in a stretch of shallow water plenty of aquatic plants. This fishing behaviour seems unreported and adds another feeding mode to the already diversified portfolio of foraging strategies for the Caracarini.93399401Batistella, A.M., Vogt, R.C., Nesting ecology of Podocnemis erythrocephala (Testudines, Podocnemididae) of the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil (2008) Chelon. Conserv. Biol, 7 (1), pp. 12-20Lowe-McConnell, R.H., (1975) Fish Communities In Tropical Freshwaters, p. 337. , Longman, LondonMartin, P., Bateson, P., (1986) Measuring Behaviour, An Introductory Guide, p. 200. , Cambridge University Press, CambridgeMonteiro-Filho, E.L.A., Fishing behavior of yellow-headed caracara, Milvago chimachima (Falconidae) in southeast Brazil (1995) Ciênc. Cult, 47 (1-2), pp. 86-87Ferguson-Lees, J., Christie, D.A., (2001) Raptors of The World, p. 320. , Houghton Mifflin, BostonGuimarães, J.J., Galetti, M., Seed dispersal of Attalea phalerata (Palmae) by Crested caracaras (Caracara plancus) in the Pantanal and a review of frugivory by raptors (2004) Rev. Bras. Ornitol, 12 (2), pp. 133-135Olmos, F., Pacheco, J.F., Silveira, L.F., Notas sobre aves de rapina (Cathartidae, Accipitridae e Falconidae) brasileiras (2006) Rev. Bras. Ornitol, 14 (3), pp. 427-430Peres, C.A., Ungulate ectoparasite removal by Black Caracaras and Pale-winged Trumpeter in Amazonian forests (1996) Wilson Bull, 108 (1), pp. 170-175Robinson, S.K., Habitat selection and foraging ecology of raptors in Amazonian Peru (1994) Biotropica, 26 (4), pp. 443-458Sazima, I., The jack-of-all-trades raptor: Versatile foraging and wide trophic role of the Southern Caracara (Caracara plancus) in Brazil, with comments on feeding habits of the Caracarini (2007) Rev. Bras. Ornitol, 15 (4), pp. 592-59