Measurements of ultrashort intense laser-induced fragmentation of simple molecular ions

Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of PhysicsItzhak Ben-ItzhakPresent laser technology allows for the production of ultra short (&7 fs) intense (.1016 W/cm2)pulses, which are comparable in duration and interaction strength to the vibrational period and the interaction that binds the electron in molecules, respectively. In this intense-field ultra short-pulse regime one can both measure and manipulate dynamics on the femtosecond timescale. To probe the dynamics of laser-matter interactions in this regime, we have chosen to start from the simplest possible molecule - H+ 2 , which can either dissociate into H + p or ionize into p + p + e. We have designed and employ a coincidence three-dimensional momentum imaging technique which allows us to measure ionization and dissociation of a molecular ion beam target simultaneously, while completely separating the two channels from each other. By varying the laser intensity and the pulse duration, we measure the intensity and pulse length dependent momentum distributions for laser induced fragmentation of H+ 2 at 790 nm. These dissociation measurements are in agreement with the phenomena predicted using the adiabatic Floquet picture, e.g. bond softening, in addition to more sophisticated calculations done by solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in the Born-Oppenheimer representation. Furthermore, the structure seen in ionization in our measurements and soon after by others is explained via a unified diabatic Floquet picture, which includes both ionization and dissociation in a single intensity and wavelength dependent picture that includes nuclear motion. Additionally, we use the same experimental techniques and apparatus to probe the laser-induced dynamics of multi-electron diatomic molecules, e.g. O+2, N+2, and ND+. The most probable dissociation and ionization pathways producing the features seen in these measurements are discerned using the angular and kinetic-energy-release distributions in conjunction with the diabatic Floquet picture. Finally, we extend these experimental techniques and interpretive models to the simplest polyatomic molecule - H+ 3 , whose fragmentation presents challenges both in our first-of-their-kind experiments and in physical interpretation

Tracing the phase of focused broadband laser pulses

We present a three-dimensional measurement of the local focal phase in a focused broadband Gaussian laser beam and find strong deviations from the commonly assumed Gouy phase, with wide ramifications for ultrafast physics

Heteronuclear Limit of Strong-Field Ionization: Fragmentation of HeH+^+ by Intense Ultrashort Laser Pulses

The laser-induced fragmentation dynamics of this most fundamental polar molecule HeH+ are measured using an ion beam of helium hydride and an isotopologue at various wavelengths and intensities. In contrast to the prevailing interpretation of strong-field fragmentation, in which stretching of the molecule results primarily from laser-induced electronic excitation, experiment and theory for nonionizing dissociation, single ionization, and double ionization both show that the direct vibrational excitation plays the decisive role here. We are able to reconstruct fragmentation pathways and determine the times at which each ionization step occurs as well as the bond length evolution before the electron removal. The dynamics of this extremely asymmetric molecule contrast the well-known symmetric systems leading to a more general picture of strong-field molecular dynamics and facilitating interpolation to systems between the two extreme cases