Proposal of the future maritime education and training for maritime officers of Pakistan

This paper is specifically directed towards the maritime education and training of Pakistan. The objectives of this paper are explained in the following paragraphs. .1 In countries where shipping activities are not sizable the maritime institutions have to justify their survival. There are questions asked about the cost effectiveness of the maritime educational institutions. There is an acute need to publicise the importance of such education and training. With reasons for having it in specialised institutions. .2 The present slump in shipping has rendered many useful technical personnel (seafarers) jobless. One of the major reasons is the non-equivalence of maritime educational systems with the regular national academic educational systems. It is of paramount importance to eliminate this reason and so ease the pressures on the shipping industry and its personnel. Doing this will help the general national policies of rooting out the social evils of unemployment. .3 we are passing through the end of a technological era. This fact is to be taken seriously. a review of the entire maritime education and training system is the need of the time. In this paper I have tried to provide one possible way of solving these problems. Particularly in the context of Pakistani environmen

Modeling Friction Losses in the Water-Assisted Pipeline Transportation of Heavy Oil

In the lubricated pipe flow (LPF) of heavy oils, a water annulus acts as a lubricant and separates the viscous oil from the pipe wall. The steady state position of the annular water layer is in the high shear region. Significantly, lower pumping energy input is required than if the viscous oil was transported alone. An important challenge to the general application of LPF technology is the lack of a reliable model to predict frictional pressure losses. Although a number of models have been proposed to date, most of these models are highly system specific. Developing a reliable model to predict pressure losses in LPF is an open challenge to the research community. The current chapter introduces the concept of water lubrication in transporting heavy oils and discusses the methodologies available for modeling the pressure drops. It also includes brief descriptions of most important pressure loss models, their limitations, and the scope of future works

Functional properties of enzymatically modified protein from fish waste

Fish flour from dried waste consisting of head, tail, fins and entrails was enzimatically hydrolysed using various proteases and the hydrolysate was spray dried. The functional properties such as water-fat absorption ratio, foaming and solubility index of the hydrolysates and fish flour revealed that some of the products might find significant uses in the food and/or cosmetics industry. Electrophoretic separation of the proteins from the fish flour and of the hydrolysates indicated that almost all the flour proteins are susceptible to proteolytic cleavage with the exception of one or two. The extent of degree of hydrolysis from 43-70.3% with a simultaneous decrease in unpleasant smell suggest an economical tool for minimizing odour pollution due to fish industry waste deterioration

Early Sunni Discourse on Women' s Mosque Attendance

A modern-day visitor to Jamic Amr ibn al-cAs mosque in Cairo during the month of Ramadan can not miss the overt female presence in the women's quarter. That Muslim women of all ages attend this and other congregational mosques throughout the world is a fact that clearly contravenes a legal consensus arrived at during the formative period of Islamic law. After deliberation on the legality of women's attendance at mosques for congregational prayers, the majority of jurists, both Sunni and Shi'ite, concluded that women - particularly young, attractive women - should avoid mosques for fear of the social unrest (fitna) associated with their presence there

Exploring critical factors for choice of mobile service providers and its effectiveness on Malaysian consumers

From the late 1990 to till now the growth rate of Malaysian telecommunication sector is remarkable manner. Under this circumstances new players to these businesses soaring dramatic business competition. Nowadays they are trying to attract customers by offering aggressive marketing strategy for instance: price promotion. As competition is looming among the companies, it deems a necessity for them to learn the consumers’ inherent perceptions that can play significant factors in terms of choosing the tele-service providers. The aim of this study was to find out what were the factors that may have played significant role to select the telecommunication service providers. To accomplish the objectives, this research explains the related concepts and theories; revealed and synchronized literature on consumer perception. In general this research has an intention to develop a research framework grounded on a strong theoretical and literature review background. The survey instruments employed on Malaysian consumers included demographic background, price, service quality, product quality and availability, and promotional offers for consumer perception. Thus the structural equation modeling approach was necessary in order to examine the variables. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS and AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) with the software package for windows. From the result it is revealed that paths are related to the casual processes significantly. Among all the significant variables, from our result, Price is the most important among our respondents followed by Service quality, product quality and promotion. However, the findings of this study may provide needed feedback and contribute to the improvement of players’ strategy and their marketing program