The Impact of Military Spending on Economic Growth in Nigeria Since 1990

This study presents the impact of military expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria since 1990, multiple linear regressions, the model which used in this study, and expressed the per capita GDP as a dependent variable, and military spending, non-military spending and the real interest rate as independent variables in this model. The results suggest that, there is the negative relationship between military expenditure and economic growth, and positive relationship between non-military spending and economic growth, and negative relationship between the real interest rate and economic growth. Keywords: military spending, Military expenditures, non-military spending, economic growth, Nigeri

A systematic literature review

Bahaa, A., Abdelaziz, A., Sayed, A., Elfangary, L., & Fahmy, H. (2021). Monitoring real time security attacks for iot systems using devsecops: A systematic literature review. Information (Switzerland), 12(4), 1-23. [154]. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12040154In many enterprises and the private sector, the Internet of Things (IoT) has spread globally. The growing number of different devices connected to the IoT and their various protocols have contributed to the increasing number of attacks, such as denial-of-service (DoS) and remote-to-local (R2L) ones. There are several approaches and techniques that can be used to construct attack detection models, such as machine learning, data mining, and statistical analysis. Nowadays, this technique is commonly used because it can provide precise analysis and results. Therefore, we decided to study the previous literature on the detection of IoT attacks and machine learning in order to understand the process of creating detection models. We also evaluated various datasets used for the models, IoT attack types, independent variables used for the models, evaluation metrics for assessment of models, and monitoring infrastructure using DevSecOps pipelines. We found 49 primary studies, and the detection models were developed using seven different types of machine learning techniques. Most primary studies used IoT device testbed datasets, and others used public datasets such as NSL-KDD and UNSW-NB15. When it comes to measuring the efficiency of models, both numerical and graphical measures are commonly used. Most IoT attacks occur at the network layer according to the literature. If the detection models applied DevSecOps pipelines in development processes for IoT devices, they were more secure. From the results of this paper, we found that machine learning techniques can detect IoT attacks, but there are a few issues in the design of detection models. We also recommend the continued use of hybrid frameworks for the improved detection of IoT attacks, advanced monitoring infrastructure configurations using methods based on software pipelines, and the use of machine learning techniques for advanced supervision and monitoring.publishersversionpublishe

Fatty acids in germinating seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and cotton (Gossypium barbadense)

Analyses of long-chain and short-chain fatty acids were carried out on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) seeds and seedlings under optimum conditions of temperature and water availability. The total lipid content and the levels of the three lipid subfractions (neutral, phospholipid and glycolipid) were determined in the cotyledons, radicles and seed coats of both species. A major proportion of the total lipid in the cotyledons was neutral lipid which decreased gradually during the germination period, but the levels of the two other subfractions increased. No significant changes in the amounts of the three lipid subfractions were noted in extracts of the pericarp and testa, although slight changes were noted in extracts of radicles. Long-chain fatty acid composition of total lipid and the lipid subfractions was determined using gas-liquid chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GLC-FID) for quantification and combined gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for characterisation. Linoleic (C18:2) was the most abundant fatty acid and palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C 18:0), oleic (C 18:1) were the other major fatty acids. Of the fatty acids from the neutral lipid subfraction, decreased slightly in Gossypium cotyledons, decreased in the cotyledons of both species, and C18:2 decreased gradually in Gossypium cotyledons. Only slight changes were detected in the levels of fatty acids from the phospholipid and glycolipid subfractions during the three-day germination period. Short-chain fatty acids in both species were determined using GC-FID and GC-MS. Laurie (C12) was most abundant fatty acid and caprylic (C8), pelargonic (C9), capric (C10) were the other major fatty acids. C8 and C9 levels decreased in the whole seeds as well as in cotyledons but C10 and C12 increased in the whole seeds, and increased sharply in the cotyledons of both species. The quantities of these short-chain fatty acids changed in radicles and seed coats during the 72 h germination period. Investigations of the spherosomal preparation (lipid- storage organelles) from the cotyledons of both species during germination included morphological studies using electron microscopy and lipid-chemistry studies using GC-FID and GC-MS. The ultrastructural appearance of the spherosomal preparations were in agreement with previous publications. Spherosome diameter varied between 0.5 - 1.0 mum in Helianthus and 0.3 - 2. 0 mum in Gossypium, and spherosomes were bounded by a half-unit membrane. The total lipid content and lipid subfractions, and their fatty acid composition were studied in the spherosomal preparations from the cotyledons of both species during germination. Neutral lipid was the most abundant lipid in the spherosomal preparation, and its levels decreased during germination. The major fatty acids of spherosomal preparations were the same for those of intact seeds. C16 and C18 from spherosomal neutral lipid increased about three-fold but C18:1 and C18:2 decreased to less than half the original level in both species during the three-day germination period. Mitochondria from the cotyledons of both species were isolated, and the constituent lipid and fatty acid composition studied during germination. The mitochondria showed enrichment in the enzyme marker succinate dehydrogenase. Phospholipid was the most abundant lipid in the mitochondria-rich fraction, and its levels increased during germination. C16 and C18 from the mitochondrial phospholipid subfraction increased about three-fold in Helianthus but C18 decreased to about half content in Gossypium; C18:1 decreased to about one-third in Helianthus, but increased in Gossypium during the germination period

Modelling of cardiac hemodynamics: A case study

AbstractObservations made on patients under cardiac catheterization are used to develop validated models for the heart cavities and the main blood vessels, treating them as compartments of the cardiac system. The algorithm utilizes realistic nonlinear formulations and the least squares techniques for optimal parameter estimation. A comprehensive investigation made for modelling of the hemodynamics of one of the compartments is reported as a case study. The modelling procedure is broad-based in character, and may be used advantageously as an aid in the diagnosis of heart diseases

Morphological Studies on the Upper Beak of Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

This study was carried out to provide a detailed description about the upper beak of turkey, regarding its gross anatomical, light and scanning electron microscopic morphology. The upper beak extends in a hook like infront of the lower beak. It measures 53.80 mm long. The height and width of the upper beak increase caudalwards. SEM shows that the tip and the lateral sides of the upper beak are covered with numerous flakes of keratin. At the free tip of the beak, these keratinized flakes have an irregular appearance which may be due to desquamation of the epithelium during manipulation of foods. Immediately in front of the angle of the mouth, the lateral edge of the upper beak is characterized by the presence of transverse furrows which giving it a serrated appearance. The upper beak of the turkey consists of a bony support covered by dermal and epidermal layers

Palate of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Gross Anatomical, Light and Scanning Electron Microscopical Study

This investigation aimed to determine the morphological characteristics of the palate of bronze black turkey by gross anatomy, light and scanning electron microscopy. The oral roof (palate) constitutes 87.73% of the oropharyngeal roof length, comprising two parts; rostral and caudal. The rostral part of is characterized by the presence of median palatine ridge, rostral and caudal lateral palatine ridges, narrow part of the choanal slit and three rows of palatine papillae. The median palatine ridge shows rostral continued and caudal interrupted parts. This ridge as shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) bears 4-5 transverse furrows at the level of the beginning of the caudal lateral palatine ridges. Numerous Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive compound tubular mucous maxillary, palatine and sphenopterygoid salivary glands are distributed in the mucosa of the palate. From all above mentioned, it's clear that the palate in turkey reveals some different anatomical features in compared with that of the other birds

Gross Anatomical, Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Pharyngeal Roof of Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): Comparative Study

The present study was carried out to investigate the histomorphological features of the turkey's pharyngeal roof using light and scanning electron microscopy. Studied parts from the roof of the turkey's pharynx were processed and stained by convential stains to illustrate the mucosa, salivary glands, and connective tissue infiltration. Also, Scanning electron investigations were applied on pharyngeal papillae and pharyngeoseophageal junction. Grossly, the pharyngeal roof was shown to constitute about 12.27% of the oropharyngeal roof length, continue rostrally with the oral roof at the level located between the choanal and infundibular slits, and terminate caudally at the pharyngeoesophageal junction, demarcated by a transverse row of caudally directed conical papillae. Numerous different sized and shaped caudally directed pharyngeal papillae were distributed in the roof of the pharynx. Histologically, the pharyngeal mucosa demonstrated pharyngeal folds, intraepithelial mucous glands, abundant lymphoid infiltration and lymphatic nodules, in addition to intraepithelial sensory corpuscles. Numerous compound tubular mucous sphenopterygoid salivary glands were observed in the mucosa of the pharyngeal roof. This study in conclusion provided comprehensive information on the structure of the pharyngeal roof of the turkey, comparing these findings with those of other birds

Fixed Point Theorems in Quaternion-Valued Metric Spaces

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we introduce the concept of quaternion metric spaces which generalizes both real and complex metric spaces. Further, we establish some fixed point theorems in quaternion setting. Secondly, we prove a fixed point theorem in normal cone metric spaces for four self-maps satisfying a general contraction condition