Isolated Photons in Deep Inelastic Scattering

Photon radiation at large transverse momenta at colliders is a detailed probe of hard interaction dynamics. The isolated photon production cross section in deep inelastic scattering was measured recently by the ZEUS experiment, and found to be considerably larger than theoretical predictions obtained with widely used event generators. To investigate this discrepancy, we perform a dedicated parton-level calculation of this observable, including contributions from fragmentation and large-angle radiation. Our results are in good agreement with all aspects of the experimental measurement.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Retinoic acid induces the differentiation of B cell hybridomas from patients with common variable immunodeficiency.

Human-human B cell hybridomas constructed from B lymphocytes of common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) patients and the nonsecreting cell line WIL2/729 HF consistently secrete low levels of Ig and appear to retain a defect characteristic of the CVI patient's B cells. We assessed the differentiative capacity of retinoic acid (RA) on these hybridomas, as well as on hybridomas constructed from normal B cells and from patients with selective IgA deficiency. RA at concentrations varying between 10(-5) and 10(-9) M augmented IgM secretion 4-20-fold from four of four CVI hybridomas tested, but did not affect Ig secretion from normal or IgA-deficiency hybridomas. In support of this elevated Ig secretion, RA enhanced the de novo synthesis of biosynthetically labeled light (kappa) and heavy (mu) Ig (up to 4- and 15-fold, respectively) in the CVI hybridoma line JK32.1. The increase in IgM synthesis/secretion could not be accounted for by RA-induced alteration in the cell cycle. In inducing this increase in IgM production, RA was found to affect two aspects of Ig gene expression: (a) the steady-state levels of heavy and light chain mRNAs were enhanced, and (b) the processing of mu heavy chain transcripts to the secreted mRNA form became favored over the membrane mRNA form. We also show that expression of Leu-17 (CD38), a surface marker that is re-expressed in the late pre-plasma stage of B cell development, was increased by RA from less than 20% to greater than 90% of the total cell population, with a concomitant 4-10-fold augmentation in the mean fluorescence intensity. Changes in both Leu-17 expression and de novo Ig synthesis were prominent by 24 h, but could be observed as early as 8 h after induction. Taken together, our study demonstrates that RA affects a marked alteration in the differentiated state of the CVI hybridoma clones. This finding suggests that retinoids can enhance the functional capabilities of B cells with defects in maturation and support further studies to evaluate their clinical potential in CVI

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The Practical Application and Innovation of Cleaning Technology for Heat Exchangers

The fouling of heat exchangers not only has a negative impact on heat transfer efficiency but also may restrict the output or production capacity of the facility. Given the cooling medium and the process, heat exchangers may be lightly fouled with organic deposits or may be severely blocked from hardened process chemicals. The probability of success in cleaning the heat exchanger is dependent on the selection of the appropriate cleaning technology under the specific fouling conditions. Early identification of fouling characteristics and a fundamental knowledge of cleaning system capabilities are essential in determining the most effective cleaning technology and the frequency of cleaning required. Unique circumstances may require innovative solutions. State-of-the-art cleaning technologies for shell and tube heat exchangers and air-cooled heat exchangers are introduced. The practical application and innovation of cleaning technology is discussed. Methods for effective removal of various deposit types are presented

The Legal Argument Game of Legal Relations

The Language of LEGAL RELATIONS (LLR) is a representation language for expressing rules and arguments in the legal domain. The fundamental legal conceptions of Wesley N. Hohfeld, one of the foremost legal philosophers of the 20th Century, provide the first giant step in the development of the LEGAL RELATIONS Logic (LRL) that underlies LLR. LRL is an extension, enrichment, and formalization of the eight fundamental legal conceptions that Hohfeld viewed as the lowest common denominators of legal discourse that could be used to describe every possible legal state of affairs and every change in such states.This robustness is actually achieved by LRL, along with its capacity to represent every possible legal rule as well as every possible legal argument

One Use of Computerized Instructional Gaming in Legal Education: To Better Understand the Rich Logical Structure of Legal Rules and Improve Legal Writing

This article describes an innovation in legal education and speculates about its importance and effectiveness as an educational tool. The speculations about its potential use, however, are ones that each legal educator will be able to test individually to determine the effectiveness of this use of microcomputers to improve legal education. The computer software that permits the innovation to be used will be available to interested persons by the time that this article is published

Platelet Response in Hypercholesterol Blood to Thrombin-Induced Aggression

A report submitted by David J. Saxon to the Research and Creative Productions Committee in 1989 on whether hypercholesterol platelets are more responsive than normocholesterolemic platelets to thrombin-induced aggregation in whole blood

The Legal Argument Game of Legal Relations

The Language of LEGAL RELATIONS (LLR) is a representation language for expressing rules and arguments in the legal domain. The fundamental legal conceptions of Wesley N. Hohfeld, one of the foremost legal philosophers of the 20th Century, provide the first giant step in the development of the LEGAL RELATIONS Logic (LRL) that underlies LLR. LRL is an extension, enrichment, and formalization of the eight fundamental legal conceptions that Hohfeld viewed as the lowest common denominators of legal discourse that could be used to describe every possible legal state of affairs and every change in such states.This robustness is actually achieved by LRL, along with its capacity to represent every possible legal rule as well as every possible legal argument

Exploring Computer Aided Generation of Questions for Normalizing Legal Rules

The process of normalizing a legal rule requires a drafter to indicate where the intent is to be precise and where it is to be imprecise in expressing both the between-sentence and within-sentence logical structure of that rule. Three different versions of a legal rule are constructed in the process of normalizing it: (1) the logical structure of the present version, (2) the detailed marker version, and (3) the logical structure of the normalized version. In order to construct the third version the analyst must formulate and answer specific questions about the terms that are used to express the logical structure of the first version that relates the constituent sentences marked in the second version. Questions about the two types of logical structure may be of two different kinds: (1) direct questions about the interpretation of terms that express each type of structure, and (2) indirect questions by means of hypothetical situations that indicate how the terms that express structure are intended to be interpreted. Direct questions are generated from natural language terms that are used to express structure by a series of transformations that use progressively more detailed defined structural terms and that culminate in structure that is expressed entirely in the defined structural terms of the basic normalized form. Arrow diagrams accompany these direct questions to help teach normalization to those unfamiliar with it. Examples of such direct questions, as well as examples of indirect ones, are provided with respect to normalization of section 2-207 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Indirect questions are generated about hypothetical situations that involve various appropriate combinations of conditions expressed in the rule that lead to the various mentioned results. This kind of question may be easier for an expert to respond to and thus be a better vehicle for eliciting the expertise of such a person. It is possible that some computer assistance can be provided in generating direct questions, but less likely for indirect questions. Furthermore the number of indirect questions generated my be unmanageably large and require too much human assistance to be practical. In this chapter the feasibility of such computer-aided question generation will be explored to determine to what extent it can facilitate the normalizing of legal rules

Exploring Computer Aided Generation of Questions for Normalizing Legal Rules

The process of normalizing a legal rule requires a drafter to indicate where the intent is to be precise and where it is to be imprecise in expressing both the between-sentence and within-sentence logical structure of that rule. Three different versions of a legal rule are constructed in the process of normalizing it: (1) the logical structure of the present version, (2) the detailed marker version, and (3) the logical structure of the normalized version. In order to construct the third version the analyst must formulate and answer specific questions about the terms that are used to express the logical structure of the first version that relates the constituent sentences marked in the second version. Questions about the two types of logical structure may be of two different kinds: (1) direct questions about the interpretation of terms that express each type of structure, and (2) indirect questions by means of hypothetical situations that indicate how the terms that express structure are intended to be interpreted. Direct questions are generated from natural language terms that are used to express structure by a series of transformations that use progressively more detailed defined structural terms and that culminate in structure that is expressed entirely in the defined structural terms of the basic normalized form. Arrow diagrams accompany these direct questions to help teach normalization to those unfamiliar with it. Examples of such direct questions, as well as examples of indirect ones, are provided with respect to normalization of section 2-207 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Indirect questions are generated about hypothetical situations that involve various appropriate combinations of conditions expressed in the rule that lead to the various mentioned results. This kind of question may be easier for an expert to respond to and thus be a better vehicle for eliciting the expertise of such a person. It is possible that some computer assistance can be provided in generating direct questions, but less likely for indirect questions. Furthermore the number of indirect questions generated my be unmanageably large and require too much human assistance to be practical. In this chapter the feasibility of such computer-aided question generation will be explored to determine to what extent it can facilitate the normalizing of legal rules