シュウキョウ シソウ カラ キゴウロン Significs ヘ ビクトリア ウェルビー ノ ゲンゴ テツガク

This paper looks at the philosophy of Victoria Welby, attempting to make connections between her early and later thought. Victoria Welby (1837-1912) was a 19th-century British philosopher who, in the later years of her career, proposed her own semiotic theory, Significs. There are echoes of contemporary philosophy of language in her semiotics, focusing on the relationship between speaker and listener in communication. However, she had not originally studied philosophy of language. At the beginning of her studies, Welby was interested in the religious question of how to interpret the Bible. Previous studies have not focused on the relationship between her religious interests and her semiotics, but is this really the case? For the purposes of this paper, we will refer to her work from about 1880 to 1890, based on religious concerns, as early thought, and to her philosophy of language, including semiotics, after 1890 as the later thought. We will then examine the possibility that they are related and that the early thought has been carried over into the later thought. In section 2 we summarize Welby’s work on biblical interpretation. It explains the function of the “incarnation principle” as a principle that makes biblical interpretation possible. In section 3 we will look at the outline of Significs. In this section, the three concepts that make up her semiotics are explained in turn. The first concept Sense refers to the sensory information of the listener, the second concept Meaning refers to the intention of the speaker, and the third concept Significance is explained as the law that combines them. On the basis of the discussion in sections 2 and 3, we will examine in section 4 how the incarnation principle described in the early thought is inherited in the form of Significance, a concept that constitutes the later thought of semiotics.論文須藤訓任教授　退職記念

Accuracy assessment methods of tissue marker clip placement after 11-gauge vacuum-assisted stereotactic breast biopsy: comparison of measurements using direct and conventional methods

BACKGROUND:　 The objective of the study was to compare direct measurement with a conventional method for evaluation of clip placement in stereotactic vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (ST-VAB) and to evaluate the accuracy of clip placement using the direct method.　 METHODS:　 Accuracy of clip placement was assessed by measuring the distance from a residual calcification of a targeted calcification clustered to a clip on a mammogram after ST-VAB. Distances in the craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views were measured in 28 subjects with mammograms recorded twice or more after ST-VAB. The difference in the distance between the first and second measurements was defined as the reproducibility and was compared with that from a conventional method using a mask system with overlap of transparent film on the mammogram. The 3D clip-to-calcification distance was measured using the direct method in 71 subjects.　 RESULTS:　 The reproducibility of the direct method was higher than that of the conventional method in CC and MLO views (P = 0.002, P < 0.001). The median 3D clip-to-calcification distance was 2.8 mm, with an interquartile range of 2.0-4.8 mm and a range of 1.1-36.3 mm.　 CONCLUSION:　 The direct method used in this study was more accurate than the conventional method, and gave a median 3D distance of 2.8 mm between the calcification and clip

Anxiolytic Effect of Aromatherapy Massage in Patients with Breast Cancer

We examined how aromatherapy massage influenced psychologic and immunologic parameters in 12 breast cancer patients in an open semi-comparative trial. We compared the results 1 month before aromatherapy massage as a waiting control period with those during aromatherapy massage treatment and 1 month after the completion of aromatherapy sessions. The patients received a 30 min aromatherapy massage twice a week for 4 weeks (eight times in total). The results showed that anxiety was reduced in one 30 min aromatherapy massage in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) test and also reduced in eight sequential aromatherapy massage sessions in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) test. Our results further suggested that aromatherapy massage ameliorated the immunologic state. Further investigations are required to confirm the anxiolytic effect of aromatherapy in breast cancer patients

Carbon-Ion Beam Irradiation Kills X-Ray-Resistant p53-Null Cancer Cells by Inducing Mitotic Catastrophe

Background and Purpose: To understand the mechanisms involved in the strong killing effect of carbon-ion beam irradiation on cancer cells with TP53 tumor suppressor gene deficiencies.Copyright:Materials and Methods: DNA damage responses after carbon-ion beam or X-ray irradiation in isogenic HCT116 colorectal cancer cell lines with and without TP53 (p53+/ + and p53-/-, respectively) were analyzed as follows: cell survival by clonogenic assay, cell death modes by morphologic observation of DAPI-stained nuclei, DNA doublestrand breaks (DSBs) by immunostaining of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), and cell cycle by flow cytometry and immunostaining of Ser10-phosphorylated histone H3.Results: The p53-/- cells were more resistant than the p53+/+ cells to X-ray irradiation, while the sensitivities of the p53+/+ and p53-/- cells to carbon-ion beam irradiation were comparable. X-ray and carbon-ion beam irradiations predominantly induced apoptosis of the p53+/+ cells but not the p53-/- cells. In the p53-/- cells, carbon-ion beam irradiation, but not X-ray irradiation, markedly induced mitotic catastrophe that was associated with premature mitotic entry with harboring longretained DSBs at 24 h post-irradiation.Conclusions: Efficient induction of mitotic catastrophe in apoptosis-resistant p53- deficient cells implies a strong cancer cell-killing effect of carbon-ion beam irradiation that is independent of the p53 status, suggesting its biological advantage over X-ray treatment

GABA_A-mediated inhibition strongly affects the deactivation phase in V1.

<p>(A) VSD images of evoked cortical activity depicted in color as indicated on the right bar. Control (top row), after focal application of gabazine (GBZ, middle row), and their difference (GBZ-control, bottom row). Frames taken at indicated delays after 50 μA single-pulse stimulation in V1. Contour lines on the difference frames at every 0.1% ΔF/F level above 0. Asterisk: stimulation site; circle: GBZ ejection site; dashed curve: approximate V1/V2 border; A: anterior; L: lateral; P: posterior; M: medial. (B) Cross-section of fluorescence levels in V1 and anterior V2 (V2A) at increasing delays after V1 stimulation. Sampling location indicated by the dotted line segment on the 115 ms frames in panel A. Delays (in ms) are shown next to each line; the dashed vertical line indicates the approximate V1/V2A border, asterisk at 0: position closest to the stimulation site. (C) Time courses of cortical activity in V1 before (control) and after application of gabazine (GBZ), and after ~2 hours elimination. GBZ-control: control subtracted from GBZ. Sampling site indicated by a hollow rectangle between the stimulation and ejection sites on the 115 ms frames in panel A. Left: original data; right: normalized to peak maxima. All data are from the same animal, averages of 16 trials each.</p

Stronger stimulation is more likely to evoke widespread activation in V1.

<p>Activation was defined as fluorescence above the level of statistical significance (defined as SD×2.7) longer than 20 ms at every pixel in V1. Percentage of activated pixels in V1 is shown versus stimulation intensity in 8 animals. Data from each animal is represented with a different color. V1 area maps were drawn manually for each animal based on activation latency maps and activation patterns in the recordings.</p

<i>In Vivo</i> Voltage-Sensitive Dye Study of Lateral Spreading of Cortical Activity in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex Induced by a Current Impulse

<div><p>In the mammalian primary visual cortex (V1), lateral spreading of excitatory potentials is believed to be involved in spatial integrative functions, but the underlying cortical mechanism is not well understood. Visually-evoked population-level responses have been shown to propagate beyond the V1 initial activation site in mouse, similar to higher mammals. Visually-evoked responses are, however, affected by neuronal circuits prior to V1 (retina, LGN), making the separate analysis of V1 difficult. Intracortical stimulation eliminates these initial processing steps. We used in vivo RH1691 voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging and intracortical microstimulation in adult C57BL/6 mice to elucidate the spatiotemporal properties of population-level signal spreading in V1 cortical circuits. The evoked response was qualitatively similar to that measured in single-cell electrophysiological experiments in rodents: a fast transient fluorescence peak followed by a fast and a slow decrease or hyperpolarization, similar to EPSP and fast and slow IPSPs in single cells. The early cortical response expanded at speeds commensurate with long horizontal projections (at 5% of the peak maximum, 0.08–0.15 m/s) however, the bulk of the VSD signal propagated slowly (at half-peak maximum, 0.05–0.08 m/s) suggesting an important role of regenerative multisynaptic transmission through short horizontal connections in V1 spatial integrative functions. We also found a tendency for a widespread and fast cortical response suppression in V1, which was eliminated by GABA_A-antagonists gabazine and bicuculline methiodide. Our results help understand the neuronal circuitry involved in lateral spreading in V1.</p></div