Modèles éducatifs et attitudes des jeunes : une exploration comparative internationale

Alors qu’une solide tradition de sociologie du curriculum s’est développée dans les pays anglo-saxons, peu de recherches empiriques concernent, en France, les contenus d’enseignement. L’article présente les résultats d’une recherche examinant comment, dans une variété de pays, se structurent les curricula, et explore si des liens peuvent être établis avec les attitudes observées par ailleurs chez les élèves. Il met en évidence trois grands modèles curriculaires idéal-typiques : à des systèmes éducatifs fondés sur une « éducation totale » s’opposent deux modèles fondés soit sur les matières académiques, soit sur la vie professionnelle. Ces différenciations de contenus d’enseignement s’inscrivent dans des organisations pédagogiques et sociales au sein de l’école différentes. L’hypothèse de relations entre, d’un côté, les attitudes des élèves et, de l’autre, ces modèles curriculaires et les organisations sociales qui les accompagnent au sein de l’école est confortée partiellement, même si ce résultat est évidemment contingent à la construction des variables d’attitudes dans la base de données utilisée (PISA). Mais de manière plus générale, c’est la possibilité d’évaluer les « effets » de l’éducation qui est questionnée, notamment dans le domaine des attitudes.Whereas sociology of the curriculum is an established area of study in English-speaking countries, little empirical research on educational content has been done in France. The article presents the results of a study of how curriculums are structured in a variety of countries and explores whether connections can be established between curriculum type and observed student attitudes. Inspired by Bernstein’s work, it brings to light three major ideal-typical curriculum models: “total education” systems as opposed to an academic studies model, and another model where the aim is to prepare students for occupational life. These differences in educational content are consistent with differences in the way schools organize teaching and social relations. The hypothesis that connections exist between student attitudes on one hand, curriculum model and type of social organization within the school on the other is partially confirmed, though this result is obviously contingent on how attitude variables were constructed in the PISA database used. At a more general level, we call into question whether it is actually possible to assess the “effects” of education, especially in the area of attitudes

High Content Phenotypic Cell-Based Visual Screen Identifies Mycobacterium tuberculosis Acyltrehalose-Containing Glycolipids Involved in Phagosome Remodeling

The ability of the tubercle bacillus to arrest phagosome maturation is considered one major mechanism that allows its survival within host macrophages. To identify mycobacterial genes involved in this process, we developed a high throughput phenotypic cell-based assay enabling individual sub-cellular analysis of over 11,000 Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants. This very stringent assay makes use of fluorescent staining for intracellular acidic compartments, and automated confocal microscopy to quantitatively determine the intracellular localization of M. tuberculosis. We characterised the ten mutants that traffic most frequently into acidified compartments early after phagocytosis, suggesting that they had lost their ability to arrest phagosomal maturation. Molecular analysis of these mutants revealed mainly disruptions in genes involved in cell envelope biogenesis (fadD28), the ESX-1 secretion system (espL/Rv3880), molybdopterin biosynthesis (moaC1 and moaD1), as well as in genes from a novel locus, Rv1503c-Rv1506c. Most interestingly, the mutants in Rv1503c and Rv1506c were perturbed in the biosynthesis of acyltrehalose-containing glycolipids. Our results suggest that such glycolipids indeed play a critical role in the early intracellular fate of the tubercle bacillus. The unbiased approach developed here can be easily adapted for functional genomics study of intracellular pathogens, together with focused discovery of new anti-microbials

Urban and school segregation in Paris: The complexity of contextual effects on school achievement: The case of middle schools in the Paris metropolitan area

In French cities, because of a rigid school catchment area policy based on students’ place of residence, there is a strong correlation between socio-residential segregation and school segregation. But the latter is not merely a simple, mechanical reflection of the former. Many processes (the choice of private schools or of specific and very often selective and rare curricula that make it possible to avoid the local public middle school; disability; siblings; personal convenience) contribute to exacerbating the correlation. Using data from the Ministry of Education, the current paper develops a typology of middle schools according to their socio-economic composition (using Correspondence Analysis and Hierarchical Agglomerative Classification), and looks at their unequal spatial distribution across the Paris metropolitan area. We measure school segregation using classical indices, and show that school segregation is higher than socio-residential segregation, particularly for students from upper-middle class backgrounds and for students from working class backgrounds. The spatial analysis of segregation, when compared with test scores, reveals strong inequalities between locations. The impact of school segregation on school success has been mainly analysed in terms of the effect of students’ social background. If one looks at the number of top tier marks (‘mention bien et très bien’) obtained at the final middle school exam in the Paris metropolitan area from 2006 to 2012, it is possible to see that girls and boys are not equally sensitive to these contextual effects. Based on logistic regressions, the analysis of the interactions between individual characteristics (socio-economic background and gender) and contextual variables (the school’s status [private/public], its location, its socio-economic composition) gives a more complex picture. This raises both methodological and political questions that suggest the need for an intersectional approach. Such a finding presents a challenge not only for social scientists studying segregation and school inequalities, but also for policy makers who want to reinforce mixed schooling

Urban and school segregation in Paris: The complexity of contextual effects on school achievement: The case of middle schools in the Paris metropolitan area

In French cities, because of a rigid school catchment area policy based on students’ place of residence, there is a strong correlation between socio-residential segregation and school segregation. But the latter is not merely a simple, mechanical reflection of the former. Many processes (the choice of private schools or of specific and very often selective and rare curricula that make it possible to avoid the local public middle school; disability; siblings; personal convenience) contribute to exacerbating the correlation. Using data from the Ministry of Education, the current paper develops a typology of middle schools according to their socio-economic composition (using Correspondence Analysis and Hierarchical Agglomerative Classification), and looks at their unequal spatial distribution across the Paris metropolitan area. We measure school segregation using classical indices, and show that school segregation is higher than socio-residential segregation, particularly for students from upper-middle class backgrounds and for students from working class backgrounds. The spatial analysis of segregation, when compared with test scores, reveals strong inequalities between locations. The impact of school segregation on school success has been mainly analysed in terms of the effect of students’ social background. If one looks at the number of top tier marks (‘mention bien et très bien’) obtained at the final middle school exam in the Paris metropolitan area from 2006 to 2012, it is possible to see that girls and boys are not equally sensitive to these contextual effects. Based on logistic regressions, the analysis of the interactions between individual characteristics (socio-economic background and gender) and contextual variables (the school’s status [private/public], its location, its socio-economic composition) gives a more complex picture. This raises both methodological and political questions that suggest the need for an intersectional approach. Such a finding presents a challenge not only for social scientists studying segregation and school inequalities, but also for policy makers who want to reinforce mixed schooling

Modèles éducatifs et attitudes des jeunes : une exploration comparative internationale

Whereas sociology of the curriculum is an established area of study in English-speaking countries, little empirical research on educational content has been done in France. The article presents the results of a study of how curriculums are structured in a variety of countries and explores whether connections can be established between curriculum type and observed student attitudes. Inspired by Bernstein’s work, it brings to light three major ideal-typical curriculum models: “total education” systems as opposed to an academic studies model, and another model where the aim is to prepare students for occupational life. These differences in educational content are consistent with differences in the way schools organize teaching and social relations. The hypothesis that connections exist between student attitudes on one hand, curriculum model and type of social organization within the school on the other is partially confirmed, though this result is obviously contingent on how attitude variables were constructed in the PISA database used. At a more general level, we call into question whether it is actually possible to assess the “effects” of education, especially in the area of attitudes.Alors qu’une solide tradition de sociologie du curriculum s’est développée dans les pays anglo-saxons, peu de recherches empiriques concernent, en France, les contenus d’enseignement. L’article présente les résultats d’une recherche examinant comment, dans une variété de pays, se structurent les curricula, et explore si des liens peuvent être établis avec les attitudes observées par ailleurs chez les élèves. Il met en évidence trois grands modèles curriculaires idéal-typiques : à des systèmes éducatifs fondés sur une « éducation totale » s’opposent deux modèles fondés soit sur les matières académiques, soit sur la vie professionnelle. Ces différenciations de contenus d’enseignement s’inscrivent dans des organisations pédagogiques et sociales au sein de l’école différentes. L’hypothèse de relations entre, d’un côté, les attitudes des élèves et, de l’autre, ces modèles curriculaires et les organisations sociales qui les accompagnent au sein de l’école est confortée partiellement, même si ce résultat est évidemment contingent à la construction des variables d’attitudes dans la base de données utilisée (PISA). Mais de manière plus générale, c’est la possibilité d’évaluer les « effets » de l’éducation qui est questionnée, notamment dans le domaine des attitudes

Reconfiguration du champ des formations en sciences humaines en Île-de-France : le poids de la sélection

International audienceÀ partir d’une étude sur les filières en sciences humaines dans le champ de l’enseignement supérieur francilien, et en se concentrant notamment sur celles pratiquant la sélection, cet article montre la diversité et la hiérarchie interne à ces formations. Le développement des licences sélectives à l’université engendre une sélectivité socio-scolaire proche de celles d’établissements historiquement sélectifs. Ainsi, les licences sélectives de Paris 1 ont un recrutement proche de celui des classes préparatoires les plus favorisées et d’institutions comme Sciences Po ou l’université Paris-Dauphine, ce qui traduit les recompositions à l’oeuvre dans le champ de l’enseignement supérieur. Pour autant, malgré des traits communs, Sciences Po, Dauphine et Paris 1 présentent des spécificités en lien avec leur spécialisation disciplinaire.Sciences Po et Paris 1 sont ainsi plus proches entre elles dans leur recrutement qu’elles ne le sont de l’université Paris- Dauphine, car elles recrutent davantage d’étudiants issus des fractions culturelles des classes supérieures et moins d’élèves scientifiques. Les élèves non franciliens y sont également plus nombreux – proportionnellement – qu’ils ne le sont à Dauphine