Characterization of sludge from neutralization of waste solutions and rinsing waters in hot dip galvanizing processes

Muljevi nastali rešavanjem otpadnih voda i istrošenih rastvora od pripreme u pogonu toplog cinkovanja spadaju u grupu opasnog industrijskog otpada. Upravljanje ovom vrstom otpada složen je i delikatan posao. Prvi važan korak u upravljanju ovim otpadom je karakterizacija. U radu je prikazana zakonska regulativa, koja je usaglašena sa EU direktivama u karaktezaciji ovog tipa muljeva.Sludge issued from waste water and spent solutions in hot dip galvanizing process pertains to hazardous industrial waste group. Managing of this type of waste is very complex and delicate. Initial step in managing of this specific waste is characterization. This paper presents Serbian regulative which is compatible with rules of European Directives in characterization of sludges

Incidence of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus (GFLV) and Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses (GLRaV 1− 3) in Vojvodina Province

During May and June of 2021, a total of 123 grapevine leaf samples were collected and analyzed for infection by grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and three viruses from the grapevine leafroll-associated virus complex -1, -2 and -3(GRLaV-1, GRLaV-2 and GRLaV-3, respectively). The samples were collected from commercial vineyards, small backyard vineyards and grapevine nurseries located across the entire Vojvodina Province (Bačka, Banat and Srem).OEPP/EPPO sampling protocols were followed during the sampling of leaf tissues showing possible virus infection symptoms. Among the 123 samples, 47 were collected from Bačka region (Bačko Gradište − 11, Bečej − 10, Temerin− 15, Vrbas − 1, Hajdukovo − 10), 50 from Banat region (Srpska Crnja − 10, Vojvode Stepe − 10, Čoka − 10,Uljma −20) and 26 from Srem region (Šid − 6, Banoštor − 10, Sremski Karlovci − 10) and serological ELISA testswere performed for virus detection. GFLV was detected in five samples (4.06%), GLRaV-1 was detected in six samples (4.87%), while GLRaV-2 was not detected in any of the analyzed grapevine samples. GLRaV-3 was present in five samples (4.06%). When infection rates were examined in relation to cultivars, GFLV was detected in Cardinal, Zalagyöngye, Black Muscat, Italian Riesling and Dornfelder. GRLaV-1 was detected in cultivars Cardinal,Black Muscat, Italian Riesling and Merlot, and GRLaV-3 in cultivars Othello and Italian Riesling. Based on these results, it can be concluded that GFLV and GRLaV-1 and GRLaV-3 are present in vineyards across Vojvodina Province and affect different grapevine cultivars. To effectively control virus infections and their spreading, continuous monitoring of these viruses and their vectors is required along with the planting of healthy propagation material

Plum pox virus infection level in Prunus species growing along roadsides or in backyards in Vojvodina province

The present study was conducted on 106 leaf samples of Prunus species (44 plum, 47 myrobalan plum, 10 apricot, 3 peach, 1 blackthorn, and 1 sour cherry) collected from the Vojvodina province of Serbia and assessed for the presence of Plum pox virus (PPV) with the aim of establishing whether trees growing along roadsides and in backyards could be sources of PPV infection in commercial orchards. Analyses confirmed PPV infection in 68.2%, 38.6%, and 20% of plum, myrobalan plum and apricot samples, respectively. The infection level varied considerably across locations, with 80% noted in Uljma, followed by 69% in Sremska Kamenica, 60% in Bečej, 50% in Temerin, 50% in Senta, 40% in Petrovaradin, 31% in Novi Sad, 30% in Susek, and 20% in Subotica. As no difference in infection rates was noted between young and older plum trees, the infections seemed to have occurred in their early life stage. Trees growing along roadsides were infected to a higher extent (89.6%) than those in backyards (66.6%). In some cases, symptomless trees were also proven to be PPV positive, indicating that they are a potentially important source of further virus infections. Due to the widespread presence of the virus, tolerant or hypersensitive cultivars are recommended for planting new orchards

oksigeni potencijal vrsta iz roda Alternaria izolovanih sa strnih žita

Toxigenic potential of four and one isolate of A. alternata and A. tenuissima, respectively, on durum wheat cultivar Dušan (Triticum durum L.) and common wheat cultivar Barbee (T. vulgare L.) were tested. Three different wheat / isolate genotype combinations were used for artificial inoculation of grains under laboratory conditions and toxins production. Alternaria toxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), ten-toxin (TEN), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and altenuen (ALT) concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS. Cultivar Barbee proved to be a more suitable substrate for toxin production, whereby AOH, AME and TeA were present in highest concentrations. These results under- line the possibility of fungal infection and mycotoxin production by Alternaria species in field and under storage conditions. Further research is needed for official regulation of acceptable levels of Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed.U radu je ispitan toksigeni potencijal izolata vrsta iz roda Alternaria – A. alternata i A. tenuissima u laboratorijskim uslovima na durum pšenici sorte „Dušan” (Triticum durum L.), kao i na sorti pšenice „Barbee” (T. vulgare L.). Tokom veštačke inokulacije u laboratoriji korišćene su tri različite kombinacije genotip pšenice/izolati. Putem LC-MS/MS metode ispitan je sadržaj alternaria toksina alternariola (AOH), alternariol mometiletra (AME), tentoksina (TEN), tenuazonične kiseline (TeA) i altenuena (ALT). Sorta „Barbi” pokazala se kao najpogodniji supstrat za produkciju alternaria toksina. U ispitivanim uzorcima utvrđena je najviša koncentracija toksina AOH, AME i TeA. Rezultati ovih istraživanja ukazuju na mogućnost ostvarenja infekcije strnih žita od strane Alternaria vrsta tokom skladištenja i na rizik od potencijalne kontaminacije od strane mikotoksina i ulaska otrovnih jedinjenja u lanac ishrane. Dalja istraživanja i potreba zvanične regulacije maksimalno dozvoljenih količina Alternaria toksina u cilju su smanjenja rizika od trovanja sekundarnim metabolitima koje stvaraju gljive iz roda Alternaria

Toxigenic potential of Alternaria species from cereals

Toxigenic potential of A. alternata and A. tenuissima isolates on durum wheat grains of cultivar Dušan (Triticum durum L.) and common wheat cultivar Barbee (T. vulgare L.) were tested under laboratory conditions. A. alternata and A. tenuissima isolates were used for inoculate three different wheat genotype/fungal isolates combination. Alternaria toxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and altenuen (ALT) were determined by LC-MS/MS. Grains of cultivar Barbee proved to be the best substrate for toxin production. Among toxins, AOH, AME and TeA were present in highest concentration. The results underline the possibility of fungal infection and mycotoxin production by Alternaria species both in field and storage conditions. Further research is needed for official regulation of acceptable levels of Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed

Heavy metals content in brick products based on clay and secondary raw materials

Teški metali spadaju u najopasnije zagađujuće supstance životne sredine. Usled razvoja industrije dolazi do nekontrolisane emisije metala u atmosferu i hidorsferu, kao i kasnije akumulacije u sedimentima i zemljištu. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrđivanje ukupnog sadržaja teških metala u laboratorijskim uzorcima sa dodatkom sekundarnih sirovina i u proizvodima iz 12 ciglana u Srbiji. Određivan je ukupni sadržaj Cr, Cu, Ni, Mo, Zn, Co, Cd, Sb, Hg, As i Pb, kao indikator mogućnosti izluživanja u okolinu dejstvom atmosferilija.Heavy metals are one of the most harmful substances to the environment. Industry revolution caused uncontrolled emission of metals to the atmosphere and hydrosphere with later accumulation in sediments and soil. The aim of this research was to determine heavy metals total content in laboratory samples with the addition of secondary raw materials as well as in clay brick products sampled from 12 masonry factories in Serbia. Total content of Cr, Cu, Ni, Mo, Zn, Co, Cd, Sb, Hg, As and Pb is estimated, as an useful potential leaching possibility indicator under atmospheric effect

Assessment of Maize Hybrids Resistance to Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxin Production in Environmental Conditions in Serbia

Aflatoxin, a naturally occurring toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, is the most economically important mycotoxin in the world, with harmful effects on human and animal health. Preventive measures such as irrigation and planting dates can minimize aflatoxin contamination most years. However, no control strategy is completely effective when environmental conditions are extremely favorable for growth of the fungus. The most effective control method is growing maize hybrids with genetic resistance to aflatoxin contamination. The aim of this research was to evaluate the sensitivity of different maize hybrids to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation. Twenty commercial maize hybrids were evaluated in field trials with artificial inoculations using the colonized toothpicks method. The mycotoxin production potential of A. flavus isolates was confirmed by cluster amplification patterns (CAPs) analysis. The results of this research indicated the existence of significant differences in maize hybrids susceptibility to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin B1 accumulation. No hybrid included in this research showed complete resistance in all conditions, but some hybrids showed partial resistance. Different hybrids also responded differently depending on the sowing date. This research showed that infection intensity is not always consistent with aflatoxin levels, and therefore visual evaluation is not enough to assess maize safety

Trichoderma species: biofertilizers and biocontrol agents for agricultural sustainability

Modern agricultural practice is burdened with increasing caution related to the use of chemical inputs in the form of fertilizers and pesticides. These concerns have been followed by a growing interest in more ecological approaches to nutrient supplementation and disease control management. As an option, biofertilizers and biocontrol agents gather the scientific community, aiming to deeply explore and emphasize “the solutions from nature”. In that context, the objective of our research was to isolate Trichoderma spp. from different environments (agricultural, forest soil, and pine bark) and test their biocontrol and plant growth promoting potential. A total of 13 Trichoderma spp. were isolated, and confrontation tests were established with Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium oxisporum. Biochemical characterization involved the assessment of several plant growth promoting characteristics (production of indoles, siderophores and enzymes). The confrontation test revealed different mechanisms employed in newly formed interactions. The mycelia of six Trichoderma isolates completely overgrew the tested pathogens, expressing very high antagonistic activity (≥75%), and emphasizing the competitive character of the isolates. The presence of an inhibition zone, a sign of antibiosis as a probable mode of action, was recorded within F. oxisporum interactions with several Trichoderma isolates. Biochemical characterization confirmed the production of cell-wall degrading enzymes (cellulase, β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase) which are correlated to mycoparasitism. Biochemical assessments confirmed the plant growth promoting nature of Trichoderma isolates, which were capable of producing indoles, siderophores and enzymes involved in P cycle (phosphatase and naphthol-AS-BI- phosphohydrolase). The obtained results suggests several newly isolated Trichoderma spp. as effective plant growth promotors capable of expressing direct and indirect mechanisms of growth stimulation and acting as promising biocontrol agents against significant crop pathogens. Further analyses demand assessment of field conditions performance and deeper insight into the mechanisms involved in mutualistic interactions with plants and antagonistic interactions with phytopathogens

Effect of Wheat Milling Process on the Distribution of Alternaria Toxins

Alternaria toxins are mycotoxins produced by various Alternaria species which, besides the Fusarium species, represent the principal contaminants of wheat worldwide. As currently, only limited information on the behaviour of Alternaria toxins during processing of cereals is available, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the dry milling process of wheat on Alternaria toxins distribution. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) content were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in all milling fractions of untreated (control), fungicide-treated, Alternaria tenuissima inoculated and commercial wheat sample. After dry milling process, in last break and milling flows and by-products, increased concentration of examined Alternaria toxins was detected. TeA was quantified in almost all milling fractions in all tested wheat samples, while AOH and AME were detectable mostly in last break and milling flows and by-products. In respect to the contamination with Alternaria toxins, white flour can be considered as relatively safe product. Since Alternaria toxins are concentrated mainly in the peripheral parts of the kernel, a special attention should be given to their content in low-grade flours and milling by-products