13 research outputs found

    Seedling development of nodulating and non-nodulating native legumes in soils from Brazilian Caatinga biome

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    This study aimed to evaluate the initial development of the nodulating legumes jurema-rosa (Mimosa verrucosa Benth.) and angico [Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan] and the non-nodulating legumes umburana-de-cheiro [Amburana cearensis (Allemao) A.C. Smith] and caatingueira-verdadeira [Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz]. Plants were grown in pots containing soil samples from six areas in Brazilian Caatinga biome region. Differences at the nodulation in plant roots were observed among the soils studied, pointing out a Vertisol covered by an introduced legume. The leaf gas exchange evaluations also showed differences among the plants grown in the different soils used as substrate mainly to angico and caatingueira-verdadeira

    Implications of maintaining or loss of chlorophyll in vegetative desiccation tolerance of Anemia flexuosa (Schizaeaceae) and Pleurostima purpurea (Velloziaceae)

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    O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar características de uso da luz para explicar a distribuição diferencial das espécies tolerantes à dessecação homeoclorófila Anemia flexuosa e peciloclorófila Pleurostima purpurea em ambientes sombreados e expostos, respectivamente, de comunidades vegetais de afloramentos rochosos. A cultivar Oryza sativa IAC 202 foi incluída para comparações. Durante um ciclo completo de desidratação - dessecação - reidratação foram avaliados parâmetros fotossintéticos de trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila a, associados ao conteúdo relativo de água (CRA) e de pigmentos fotossintéticos de plantas intactas sob temperatura e umidade relativa do ar constantes de 25°C e de 55%, respectivamente. As plantas foram submetidas à diferentes densidades de fluxo de fótons fotossintéticos (DFFF de 0, 100 e 400 ?mol fótons m-2s-1) nas fases de desidratação e dessecação, dependendo da espécie. O. sativa foi avaliada somente durante as fases de desidratação e dessecação sob condições ambientais variáveis de casa de vegetação. A diminuição da assimilação líquida de CO2 (A) foi acompanhada pelo aumento da dissipação de calor avaliada pelos coeficientes de extinção nãofotoquímica (qN e NPQ) nas três espécies. Após cessação de A, a eficiência quântica efetiva (?PSII e Fv\"/Fm\"), a taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR) e o coeficiente de extinção fotoquímica (qP) foram mantidos relativamente altos em P.purpurea, mas cessaram simultaneamente com A em A.flexuosa. Em O.sativa, ?PSII, ETR e qP diminuíram substancialmente após a cessação de A, mas Fv\"/Fm\" foi mantido. A eficiência quântica potencial (Fv/Fm) foi a última variável a diminuir nas três espécies durante a desidratação. Após a reidratação de P.purpurea e A.flexuosa foi observado inicialmente o estabelecimento da respiração e em seguida um balanço levemente positivo de CO2, quando os valores de Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP e Fv/Fm de P.purpurea recuperaram quase totalmente, enquanto qN e NPQ diminuíram. A.flexuosa apresentou uma recuperação apenas parcial de Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP e Fv/Fm quando o balanço de CO2 se tornou levemente positivo, tendo sido a recuperação ainda menor para o tratamento de desidratação no escuro associado à dessecação na luz. A.flexuosa tolerou a perda de 88% do CRA. O enrolamento foliar durante a desidratação é uma forma de proteção contra a luz no estado dessecado de A.flexuosa. Mesmo no estado dessecado ocorrem processos de interação dos fotossistemas II com a luz em A.flexuosa. P.purpurea baseia sua proteção contra a luz na ativação de processos de dissipação de calor, vias de consumo de elétrons diferentes do ciclo redutivo do CO2 e, em última instância, na perda de clorofilas. Plantas dessecadas de P.purpurea permanecem viáveis no estado desidratado por pelo menos 42 dias. P.purpurea tolerou a perda de 94% do CRA. A recuperação do turgor da parte aérea de P.purpurea ocorre necessariamente pela absorção de água pelas raízes durante a reidratação. Foi evidenciada uma aclimatação de A.flexuosa quando desidratada sob condição de luz. Os resultados não foram conclusivos em relação à sustentação da hipótese, considerando que as diferenças de recuperação observadas para A.flexuosa nos diferentes tratamentos luminosos, em geral, não foram significativas.The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of light use that could explain the differential distribution of homoiochlorophyllous and poikilochlorophyllous desiccation tolerant plants Anemia flexuosa and Pleurostima purpurea, respectively, in shaded and exposed microsites of rock outcrop plant communities. Oryza sativa IAC 202 was included in the study for comparisons. Leaf gas exchanges, fluorescence chlorophyll, relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic pigment content were evaluated in intact plants under constant temperature and relative humidity of 25°C and 55%, respectively, during a complete cycle of dehydration - desiccation - rehydration. The plants were exposed to different photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD of 0, 100 and 400 ?mol photons m-2s-1) during dehydration and desiccation phases, according to species. O.sativa was evaluated only during dehydration and desiccation phases under variable environmental conditions in a greenhouse. In all species, the decrease in CO2 net assimilation (A) was accompanied by increased heat dissipation assessed by nonphotochemical quenching coefficients (qN and NPQ). The effective quantum yield (?PSII and Fv\"/Fm\"), electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) were kept relatively high after A cessation in P.purpurea, but in A.flexuosa ceased simultaneously with A. In O.sativa, ?PSII, ETR and qP decreased substantially after A cessation, but Fv\"/Fm\" was maintained. The potential quantum yield (Fv/Fm) was the last variable to decrease during dehydration in all species. After rehydration, the establishment of respiration was observed initially in P.purpurea and A.flexuosa. Then, a slightly positive CO2 balance was associated with the almost total recovery of Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP and Fv/Fm in P.purpurea, while qN and NPQ decreased. A.flexuosa showed only a partial recovery of Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP and Fv/Fm when the CO2 balance became slightly positive, and recovery was even lower for the treatment of dehydration in dark associated to desiccation in light. A.FLEXUOSA TOLERATES A LOSS OF 88% OF RWC. Leaf curling during dehydration is also a form of light protection in the dried state in A.flexuosa. Interactions between photosystem II and light occur even in the dried state of A.flexuosa. P.purpurea bases its protection against light activating heat dissipation process, ways of electron consumption different of reductive CO2 cycle and, in last instance, chlorophyll loss. P.purpurea remains viable in dried state for at least for 42 days, and tolerates a loss of 94% of RWC. The shoot rehydration in P.purpurea occurs necessarily by roots water uptake. A.flexuosa showed an acclimation when dried under light conditions. The results were not conclusive regarding the hypothesis, since differences in recovery observed for this species in the different light treatments, in general, were not significant

    Implications of maintaining or loss of chlorophyll in vegetative desiccation tolerance of Anemia flexuosa (Schizaeaceae) and Pleurostima purpurea (Velloziaceae)

    No full text
    O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar características de uso da luz para explicar a distribuição diferencial das espécies tolerantes à dessecação homeoclorófila Anemia flexuosa e peciloclorófila Pleurostima purpurea em ambientes sombreados e expostos, respectivamente, de comunidades vegetais de afloramentos rochosos. A cultivar Oryza sativa IAC 202 foi incluída para comparações. Durante um ciclo completo de desidratação - dessecação - reidratação foram avaliados parâmetros fotossintéticos de trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila a, associados ao conteúdo relativo de água (CRA) e de pigmentos fotossintéticos de plantas intactas sob temperatura e umidade relativa do ar constantes de 25°C e de 55%, respectivamente. As plantas foram submetidas à diferentes densidades de fluxo de fótons fotossintéticos (DFFF de 0, 100 e 400 ?mol fótons m-2s-1) nas fases de desidratação e dessecação, dependendo da espécie. O. sativa foi avaliada somente durante as fases de desidratação e dessecação sob condições ambientais variáveis de casa de vegetação. A diminuição da assimilação líquida de CO2 (A) foi acompanhada pelo aumento da dissipação de calor avaliada pelos coeficientes de extinção nãofotoquímica (qN e NPQ) nas três espécies. Após cessação de A, a eficiência quântica efetiva (?PSII e Fv\"/Fm\"), a taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR) e o coeficiente de extinção fotoquímica (qP) foram mantidos relativamente altos em P.purpurea, mas cessaram simultaneamente com A em A.flexuosa. Em O.sativa, ?PSII, ETR e qP diminuíram substancialmente após a cessação de A, mas Fv\"/Fm\" foi mantido. A eficiência quântica potencial (Fv/Fm) foi a última variável a diminuir nas três espécies durante a desidratação. Após a reidratação de P.purpurea e A.flexuosa foi observado inicialmente o estabelecimento da respiração e em seguida um balanço levemente positivo de CO2, quando os valores de Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP e Fv/Fm de P.purpurea recuperaram quase totalmente, enquanto qN e NPQ diminuíram. A.flexuosa apresentou uma recuperação apenas parcial de Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP e Fv/Fm quando o balanço de CO2 se tornou levemente positivo, tendo sido a recuperação ainda menor para o tratamento de desidratação no escuro associado à dessecação na luz. A.flexuosa tolerou a perda de 88% do CRA. O enrolamento foliar durante a desidratação é uma forma de proteção contra a luz no estado dessecado de A.flexuosa. Mesmo no estado dessecado ocorrem processos de interação dos fotossistemas II com a luz em A.flexuosa. P.purpurea baseia sua proteção contra a luz na ativação de processos de dissipação de calor, vias de consumo de elétrons diferentes do ciclo redutivo do CO2 e, em última instância, na perda de clorofilas. Plantas dessecadas de P.purpurea permanecem viáveis no estado desidratado por pelo menos 42 dias. P.purpurea tolerou a perda de 94% do CRA. A recuperação do turgor da parte aérea de P.purpurea ocorre necessariamente pela absorção de água pelas raízes durante a reidratação. Foi evidenciada uma aclimatação de A.flexuosa quando desidratada sob condição de luz. Os resultados não foram conclusivos em relação à sustentação da hipótese, considerando que as diferenças de recuperação observadas para A.flexuosa nos diferentes tratamentos luminosos, em geral, não foram significativas.The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of light use that could explain the differential distribution of homoiochlorophyllous and poikilochlorophyllous desiccation tolerant plants Anemia flexuosa and Pleurostima purpurea, respectively, in shaded and exposed microsites of rock outcrop plant communities. Oryza sativa IAC 202 was included in the study for comparisons. Leaf gas exchanges, fluorescence chlorophyll, relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic pigment content were evaluated in intact plants under constant temperature and relative humidity of 25°C and 55%, respectively, during a complete cycle of dehydration - desiccation - rehydration. The plants were exposed to different photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD of 0, 100 and 400 ?mol photons m-2s-1) during dehydration and desiccation phases, according to species. O.sativa was evaluated only during dehydration and desiccation phases under variable environmental conditions in a greenhouse. In all species, the decrease in CO2 net assimilation (A) was accompanied by increased heat dissipation assessed by nonphotochemical quenching coefficients (qN and NPQ). The effective quantum yield (?PSII and Fv\"/Fm\"), electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) were kept relatively high after A cessation in P.purpurea, but in A.flexuosa ceased simultaneously with A. In O.sativa, ?PSII, ETR and qP decreased substantially after A cessation, but Fv\"/Fm\" was maintained. The potential quantum yield (Fv/Fm) was the last variable to decrease during dehydration in all species. After rehydration, the establishment of respiration was observed initially in P.purpurea and A.flexuosa. Then, a slightly positive CO2 balance was associated with the almost total recovery of Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP and Fv/Fm in P.purpurea, while qN and NPQ decreased. A.flexuosa showed only a partial recovery of Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP and Fv/Fm when the CO2 balance became slightly positive, and recovery was even lower for the treatment of dehydration in dark associated to desiccation in light. A.FLEXUOSA TOLERATES A LOSS OF 88% OF RWC. Leaf curling during dehydration is also a form of light protection in the dried state in A.flexuosa. Interactions between photosystem II and light occur even in the dried state of A.flexuosa. P.purpurea bases its protection against light activating heat dissipation process, ways of electron consumption different of reductive CO2 cycle and, in last instance, chlorophyll loss. P.purpurea remains viable in dried state for at least for 42 days, and tolerates a loss of 94% of RWC. The shoot rehydration in P.purpurea occurs necessarily by roots water uptake. A.flexuosa showed an acclimation when dried under light conditions. The results were not conclusive regarding the hypothesis, since differences in recovery observed for this species in the different light treatments, in general, were not significant

    Desiccation tolerance in Pleurostima purpurea (Velloziaceae): gas exchanges, photosynthetic pigments and leaf relative water content

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    Pleurostima purpurea (Velloziaceae) é uma espécie rupícola encontrada em afloramentos rochosos do estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. Por apresentar notável capacidade de tolerar a dessecação vegetativa, este estudo teve o intuito de esclarecer detalhes sobre a estratégia ecofisiológica utilizada por tais plantas frente à desidratação do ambiente e as vantagens associadas ao processo. Para tanto foi analisada a dinâmica de trocas gasosas, o conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos e o conteúdo relativo de água de tecidos foliares durante os processos de dessecação e reidratação de indivíduos adultos cultivados. Comportaram-se como homeohídricas típicas economizadoras de água sob condição de seca moderada que, quando agravada, assumiram o comportamento de pecilohídricas e peciloclorófilas. A suspensão da irrigação provocou o fechamento estomático sob conteúdo relativo de água foliar acima de 90%, levando a restrições sobre a transpiração e assimilação líquida de carbono até o estabelecimento da anabiose. Durante este processo, houve um atraso na diminuição do CRAfoliar em relação ao CRAplanta-solo. A degradação das clorofilas acompanhou a diminuição do CRAfoliar, o qual alcançou o valor médio mínimo de 17% sem incorrer na abscisão das folhas, enquanto sua resíntese somente se iniciou após a total reidratação dos mesmos tecidos. Durante todo este processo o conteúdo de carotenóides manteve-se estável. 12 horas de reidratação do solo de cultivo foram suficientes para a retomada respiratória. Um balanço positivo de CO2 foi observado a partir da 36ª hora de reidratação quando o grau de abertura estomática passou a ser maior do que o observado para o grupo controle. Comparando-se com as condições iniciais, 84 horas de reidratação foram suficientes para a recuperação fotossintética mesmo com uma recuperação apenas parcial do conteúdo de clorofilas. Assim como os tecidos foliares, suas raízes também devem ser tolerantes à dessecação.Pleurostima purpurea (Velloziaceae), a rupicolous flowering species found in rock outcrops in Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil, show notable capacity to endure vegetative desiccation. This study had the intent to show more details about the ecophysiological strategy used by these plants facing a drying ambient and the advantages associated with the process. For this, it was analised the gas exchanges, photosynthetic pigments content, and relative water content of leaf tissues during desiccation and rehydration of cultivated individuals. They behaved typicaly as homeohydrics water savers under moderated drought condition that, when aggravated, prosecute with poikilohydric and poikilochlorophyllous behavior. After watering suspension, stomatic closing was observed under a relative leaf water content up to 90% that resulted in gas exchanges restrictions until the anabiosis. During this process, it was observed a delay in the leaf relative water content (RWCleaf) decrease comparing to the plant-soil relative water content (RWCplant-soil). The chlorophylls degradation acompanished the RWCleaf decrease, which achived the minimum average value of 17% without incur in leaves abscission, while its resynthesis just begun after the full leaves rehydration. During all of this process, the carotenoids content remained stable. Twelve hours of soil rehydration were sufficient for the respiration retake. A positive carbon balance was observed since the 36th hour of rehydration, when the degree of stomatic opening became bigger than that observed for the control group. Comparing with inicial conditions, 84 hours of rehydration were sufficient to photosynthetic recovery, even just with a parcial recovery of chlorophyll content. As well as the leaf tissues, its roots might be desiccation tolerants

    Productive and morphogenetic responses of buffel grass at different air temperatures and CO2 concentrations

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    The objective of the present trial was to evaluate the productive and morphogenetic characteristics of buffel grass subjected to different air temperatures and CO2 concentrations. Three cultivars of buffel grass (Biloela, Aridus and West Australian) were compared. Cultivars were grown in growth chambers at three temperatures (day/night): 26/20, 29/23, and 32/26 °C, combined with two concentrations of CO2: 370 and 550 µmol mol-1. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with three replications. There were interactions between buffel grass cultivars and air temperatures on leaf elongation rate (LER), leaf appearance rate (LAR), leaf lifespan (LL) and senescence rate (SR), whereas cultivars vs. carbon dioxide concentration affected forage mass (FM), root mass (RM), shoot/root ratio, LL and SR. Leaf elongation rate and SR were higher as the air temperature was raised. Increasing air temperature also promoted an increase in LAR, except for West Australian. High CO2 concentration provided greater SR of plants, except for Biloela. Cultivar West Australian had higher FM in relation to Biloela and Aridus when the CO2 concentration was increased to 550 µmol mol-1. West Australian was the only cultivar that responded with more forage mass when it was exposed to higher carbon dioxide concentrations, whereas Aridus had depression in forage mass. The increase in air temperatures affects morphogenetic responses of buffel grass, accelerating its vegetative development without increasing forage mass. Elevated carbon dioxide concentration changes productive responses of buffel grass

    Gas exchanges of melon under water stress in the Submedium region of the São Francisco River Valley

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    The current scenario of increased water scarcity is due to climate change and directly affects food production. It is thus necessary to develop strategies to mitigate the impacts of low water availability. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to evaluate the physiological behaviour of melon cultivars under water stress. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment in the experimental Submedium region of the São Francisco River Valley in the period ranging from October to December. In this study, we used the melon cultivars 'Amarelo' and 'Piel de Sapo'. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replicates that were subdivided into plots, where the plots were comprised of four irrigation rates (50, 75, 100, and 125% of crop evapotranspiration – CET), subplots were comprised of the two melon cultivars, and sub-subplots were comprised of samplings for physiological analyses (15, 30, and 45 days after transplanting). The parameters evaluated were stomatal conductance, transpiration, net photosynthesis, relationship CI/CA, and accumulated dry matter. Water stress reduced the stomatal conductance, transpiration, net photosynthesis, CI/CA, and accumulated dry matter. 'Piel de Sapo' showed a higher photosynthetic adjustment than 'Amarelo' melon due to the gas exchange behaviour of the former, and it was, therefore, more tolerant to water stress
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